Medical Disclaimer
This condition guide is intended for educational and informational purposes only. It does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider regarding any symptoms or medical conditions.
Clinical Assessment & Protocol
Typical Presentation (HPI)
EN: Patient presents with hypotension resistant to fluid resuscitation, high lactate levels. AR: المريض يعاني من انخفاض ضغط الدم المقاوم للإنعاش بالسوائل، ومستويات عالية من اللاكتات.
General Examination
EN: Altered mental status, mottled skin, and oliguria. AR: تغير في الحالة الذهنية، جلد متبقع، وقلة في إنتاج البول.
Treatment Protocol
EN: Broad-spectrum antibiotics, fluid resuscitation, and norepinephrine infusion. AR: مضادات حيوية واسعة الطيف، إنعاش بالسوائل، وتسريب النورادرينالين.
Patient Education
EN: AR:
Systemic & Specialized Examinations
Cardiovascular
EN: S1, S2 present. No murmurs. AR: صوتا القلب الأول والثاني طبيعيان. لا توجد نفخات.
Respiratory
EN: Lungs clear to auscultation. AR: الرئتان صافيتان عند التسمع.
Gastrointestinal
EN: Abdomen soft, non-tender. AR: البطن لين ولا يوجد ألم.
Neurological
EN: Alert, oriented x3. No focal deficits. AR: المريض واعي ومدرك. لا يوجد عجز عصبي بؤري.
Dermatological
EN: Unremarkable or not routinely indicated. AR: طبيعي أو غير مطلوب روتينياً.
Psychiatric
EN: Unremarkable or not routinely indicated. AR: طبيعي أو غير مطلوب روتينياً.
OB/GYN
EN: Unremarkable or not routinely indicated. AR: طبيعي أو غير مطلوب روتينياً.
Ophthalmic
EN: Unremarkable or not routinely indicated. AR: طبيعي أو غير مطلوب روتينياً.
Dental
EN: Unremarkable or not routinely indicated. AR: طبيعي أو غير مطلوب روتينياً.
Orthopedic & Trauma Assessments
Range of Motion
EN: Unremarkable or not routinely indicated. AR: طبيعي أو غير مطلوب روتينياً.
Local Examination
EN: Unremarkable or not routinely indicated. AR: طبيعي أو غير مطلوب روتينياً.
Comprehensive Clinical Guide: Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock
1. Introduction and Clinical Overview
Sepsis represents one of the most significant challenges in modern critical care medicine. It is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. While "Severe Sepsis" was a term utilized in earlier consensus definitions (Sepsis-2) to describe sepsis with associated acute organ dysfunction, current clinical practice (Sepsis-3) now classifies this state simply as "Sepsis." However, "Septic Shock" remains a distinct, high-mortality sub-category.
Septic Shock is defined as a subset of sepsis in which underlying circulatory and cellular/metabolic abnormalities are profound enough to substantially increase mortality. Clinically, it is identified by the requirement for vasopressor therapy to maintain a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of ≥ 65 mmHg and a serum lactate level > 2 mmol/L (18 mg/dL) in the absence of hypovolemia.
2. Etiology and Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of septic shock is a complex cascade of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses triggered by microbial invasion.
A. The Microbial Trigger
Sepsis can be triggered by a wide array of pathogens:
* Bacteria: Gram-positive (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae) and Gram-negative (e.g., E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa).
* Viruses: SARS-CoV-2, Influenza, Dengue.
* Fungi: Candida species.
B. The Host Response Mechanisms
- PAMPs and DAMPs: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are recognized by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) on immune cells.
- Cytokine Storm: Excessive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) leads to systemic vasodilation and increased capillary permeability.
- Endothelial Dysfunction: The glycocalyx of the endothelium is damaged, leading to widespread microvascular thrombosis and leakage of plasma into the interstitial space.
- Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Even if oxygen delivery is adequate, cells may fail to utilize oxygen effectively, leading to "cytopathic hypoxia."
3. Clinical Staging and Diagnostic Criteria
The clinical diagnosis of sepsis and septic shock has evolved from the SIRS-based criteria to the SOFA (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment) score.
The SOFA Score Components
| System | Indicator |
|---|---|
| Respiratory | PaO2/FiO2 ratio |
| Coagulation | Platelet count |
| Liver | Bilirubin levels |
| Cardiovascular | Hypotension (requiring vasopressors) |
| CNS | Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) |
| Renal | Creatinine/Urine output |
Sepsis-3 Definition: Suspected or documented infection + acute increase of ≥ 2 SOFA points.
Septic Shock Definition: Sepsis + vasopressors to maintain MAP ≥ 65 mmHg + Lactate > 2 mmol/L despite adequate fluid resuscitation.
4. Standard Presentation and Clinical Indicators
Early identification is the single most important factor in reducing mortality. Clinicians should look for the "qSOFA" (quick SOFA) bedside indicators:
* Respiratory Rate: ≥ 22 breaths per minute.
* Altered Mentation: Glasgow Coma Scale < 15.
* Systolic Blood Pressure: ≤ 100 mmHg.
Classic Clinical Signs
- Tachycardia: Often the first compensatory mechanism.
- Hypotension: Indicates failing compensatory vasodilation.
- Mottled Skin: Sign of poor peripheral perfusion.
- Oliguria: Reduced urine output (< 0.5 mL/kg/hr).
- Fever or Hypothermia: Both are indicative of systemic inflammatory response.
5. Differential Diagnosis
Distinguishing septic shock from other forms of shock is critical for management:
| Differential Diagnosis | Key Distinguishing Features |
|---|---|
| Hypovolemic Shock | History of fluid loss, low CVP, flat neck veins. |
| Cardiogenic Shock | History of MI/HF, pulmonary edema, high PCWP. |
| Anaphylactic Shock | History of allergen exposure, urticaria, wheezing. |
| Neurogenic Shock | Spinal cord injury, bradycardia (lack of reflex tachycardia). |
6. Key Diagnostic Tests
A systematic "Sepsis Bundle" approach is recommended:
- Microbiological Cultures: Blood (two sets), urine, and sputum cultures before antibiotic administration.
- Lactate Levels: Serial measurements to monitor tissue perfusion.
- Complete Blood Count (CBC): Assessing leukocytosis or leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia.
- Coagulation Profile: PT/INR and PTT to screen for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC).
- Imaging: Chest X-ray, Ultrasound (POCUS) to identify source (e.g., pneumonia, intra-abdominal abscess).
- Procalcitonin: Useful marker for bacterial infection differentiation.
7. Management Protocols: The "Hour-1 Bundle"
The Surviving Sepsis Campaign advocates for the Hour-1 Bundle:
* Measure Lactate: Remeasure if initial lactate is > 2 mmol/L.
* Obtain Blood Cultures: Prior to administration of antibiotics.
* Administer Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics: Immediate initiation.
* Rapid Fluid Resuscitation: 30 mL/kg crystalloid for hypotension or lactate ≥ 4 mmol/L.
* Apply Vasopressors: If hypotensive during or after fluid resuscitation to maintain MAP ≥ 65 mmHg.
8. Risks, Contraindications, and Limitations
- Fluid Overload: Aggressive resuscitation carries the risk of pulmonary edema and abdominal compartment syndrome.
- Antibiotic Resistance: Over-reliance on broad-spectrum agents without narrowing therapy (de-escalation) promotes multi-drug resistant organisms.
- Vasopressor Complications: Peripheral extravasation of norepinephrine can cause tissue necrosis. Central venous access is preferred.
- Contraindications: Fluid resuscitation must be cautious in patients with severe congestive heart failure (risk of acute decompensation).
9. Long-Term Prognosis and Post-Sepsis Syndrome
Survivors of septic shock often face long-term morbidity, collectively referred to as Post-Sepsis Syndrome (PSS):
* Physical: Muscle weakness, joint pain, fatigue, and chronic kidney disease.
* Cognitive: "Brain fog," memory loss, and difficulty concentrating.
* Psychological: Depression, anxiety, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).
Prognosis is heavily dependent on the speed of intervention. Every hour of delay in effective antibiotic administration is associated with a measurable increase in mortality.
10. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Q1: How is Septic Shock different from Sepsis?
A: Sepsis is the infection-triggered organ dysfunction. Septic shock is a more severe physiological state requiring vasopressors to maintain blood pressure and showing signs of cellular metabolic failure (elevated lactate).
Q2: What is the primary role of fluids in septic shock?
A: Fluids are used to restore circulating volume and optimize preload, thereby improving cardiac output and tissue perfusion.
Q3: When should vasopressors be started?
A: They should be started if the patient remains hypotensive (MAP < 65 mmHg) despite adequate initial fluid resuscitation.
Q4: Is corticosteroids recommended for all septic shock patients?
A: No. Intravenous hydrocortisone is only recommended for patients who remain hemodynamically unstable despite adequate fluid resuscitation and vasopressor therapy.
Q5: What is the role of the SOFA score?
A: It is a scoring system used to objectively quantify the degree of organ dysfunction and predict clinical outcomes in the ICU.
Q6: Why are blood cultures taken before antibiotics?
A: Antibiotics can sterilize the blood, making it impossible to identify the causative organism and preventing the de-escalation to targeted therapy.
Q7: What is the mortality rate of septic shock?
A: Septic shock has a high mortality rate, historically quoted between 30% and 50%, depending on the patient's comorbidities and the source of infection.
Q8: Can sepsis be prevented?
A: Prevention includes vaccination (e.g., influenza, pneumococcal), proper wound care, hand hygiene, and the judicious use of antibiotics to prevent resistance.
Q9: What is "cytopathic hypoxia"?
A: It is the inability of cells to utilize oxygen for ATP production due to mitochondrial damage, even when oxygen delivery via the blood is restored.
Q10: Does every patient with an infection have sepsis?
A: No. Sepsis is specifically the dysregulated host response that leads to organ dysfunction. A localized infection without systemic involvement is not sepsis.
11. Conclusion
Managing severe sepsis and septic shock requires a high level of clinical vigilance, rapid diagnostic assessment, and standardized, aggressive therapeutic interventions. By adhering to evidence-based protocols such as the "Hour-1 Bundle," clinicians can significantly improve outcomes. Future directions in treatment, including immunomodulatory therapies and personalized medicine, aim to further reduce the devastating impact of this clinical emergency.
Related Clinical Integration
In the management of severe sepsis and septic shock, rapid clinical intervention is essential to stabilize hemodynamics and control the underlying infection. Initial resuscitation typically involves aggressive Fluid resuscitation using Crystalloids / المحاليل البلورانية Standard, often guided by Fluid balance monitoring and the use of a Central Venous Catheter / قسطرة وريدية مركزية (معدات طبية عامة) for accurate pressure readings. If hypotension persists, Vasopressors / رافعات التوتر الوعائي Standard or Vasopressors (e.g., Norepinephrine) for hemodynamic support if needed / رافعات التوتر الوعائي (مثل نورإبينفرين) للدعم الديناميكي الدموي إذا لزم الأمر Standard are initiated, necessitating continuous Cardiac Monitor / جهاز مراقبة القلب (معدات طبية عامة) oversight. Source control is prioritized through the early administration of Antibiotics (broad-spectrum, if infection suspected) / مضادات حيوية (واسعة الطيف، إذا اشتبه في وجود عدوى) Standard and the collection of Blood Cultures / مزارع الدم (خدمات رعاية عامة). In cases of severe respiratory failure, Mechanical Ventilator / جهاز تنفس صناعي (معدات طبية عامة) support may be required, potentially involving
Treatment & Management Options
Recommended Medications
Antibiotics (broad-spectrum, if infection suspected)
Standard
Broad-spectrum antibiotics
Standard
Broad-spectrum antibiotics (e.g., Cefazolin, Vancomycin)
Standard
Crystalloids
Standard
General Anesthetic Agents
Standard
General Anesthetic Agents (e.g., Propofol, Sevoflurane)
Standard
General Anesthetic Agents (if general anesthesia used)
Standard
General Anesthetics (e.g., Propofol, Sevoflurane)
Standard
General anesthetics (e.g., Propofol, Sevoflurane, Fentanyl)
Standard
Propofol (Anesthetic induction)
Standard
Sedatives (e.g., Propofol)
Standard
Systemic antibiotics (if infection present or high risk)
Standard
Vasopressors
Standard
Vasopressors (e.g., Norepinephrine)
Standard
Vasopressors (e.g., Norepinephrine) for hemodynamic support
Standard
Vasopressors (e.g., Norepinephrine) for hemodynamic support if needed
Standard
Vasopressors/Inotropes (as needed for hemodynamic support)
Standard
Medical Procedures / Surgeries
3D Mapping (CARTO/EnSite)
Diagnostic Intervention
AC Joint Reconstruction
Surgery / Invasive
AC Joint Reconstruction (Weaver-Dunn)
Surgery / Invasive
ACL Reconstruction (Allograft)
Surgery / Invasive
ACL Reconstruction (Hamstring Autograft)
Surgery / Invasive
ACL Reconstruction (Hamstring Graft)
Surgery / Invasive
ACL Reconstruction (Patellar Tendon Autograft)
Surgery / Invasive
ACL Reconstruction (Patellar Tendon Graft)
Surgery / Invasive
AF Ablation (PVI)
Surgery / Invasive
Abdominoperineal Resection (APR)
Surgery / Invasive
Abdominoplasty (Tummy Tuck)
Surgery / Invasive
Above-Knee Amputation (Transfemoral) for Tumor
Surgery / Invasive
Achilles Tendon Reconstruction
Surgery / Invasive
Achilles Tendon Repair (Open/Percutaneous)
Surgery / Invasive
Acromioplasty (Open)
Surgery / Invasive
Activity Modification Counseling
Other Procedure
Airway Stent Placement (Silicone/Metal)
Surgery / Invasive
Alcohol Septal Ablation
Other Procedure
Alveolar Bone Grafting
Surgery / Invasive
Ambulatory BP Monitoring
Diagnostic Intervention
Ambulatory ECG Monitoring (Holter) - Extended
Diagnostic Intervention
Amniocentesis
Diagnostic Intervention
Amputation (Above Knee)
Surgery / Invasive
Amputation (Below Knee)
Surgery / Invasive
Amputation (Upper Extremity - e.g., Forearm/Arm)
Surgery / Invasive
Amputation (Upper Extremity)
Surgery / Invasive
Aneurysm Clipping (Open)
Surgery / Invasive
Aneurysm Coiling (Endovascular)
Surgery / Invasive
Ankle Arthrodesis (Fusion)
Surgery / Invasive
Ankle Arthroscopy (Diagnostic/Debridement)
Surgery / Invasive
Ankle Sprain Rehab Protocol
Physical / Respiratory Therapy
Ankle Sprain Rehabilitation Protocol
Physical / Respiratory Therapy
Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion (ACDF)
Surgery / Invasive
Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion (ALIF)
Surgery / Invasive
Anterolateral Thigh (ALT) Free Flap
Surgery / Invasive
Anti-reflux Mucosectomy (ARMS)
Surgery / Invasive
Aortic Arch Replacement
Surgery / Invasive
Aortic Root Replacement (Bentall Procedure)
Surgery / Invasive
Aortic Root Replacement (Bentall)
Surgery / Invasive
Aortic Valve Replacement - Bioprosthetic
Surgery / Invasive
Aortic Valve Replacement - Mechanical
Surgery / Invasive
Aortography
Diagnostic Intervention
Application of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (Wound VAC)
Physical / Respiratory Therapy
Aquablation of the Prostate
Surgery / Invasive
Argon Plasma Coagulation (APC) - Endobronchial
Surgery / Invasive
Arterial Line Placement
Surgery / Invasive
Arteriovenous (AV) Fistula Creation
Surgery / Invasive
Arthrocentesis (Joint Aspiration)
Surgery / Invasive
Arthroscopic AC Joint Resection (Distal Clavicle Excision)
Surgery / Invasive
Arthroscopic ACL Reconstruction
Surgery / Invasive
Arthroscopic Ankle Impingement Debridement
Surgery / Invasive
Arthroscopic Biceps Tenodesis
Surgery / Invasive
Arthroscopic Biceps Tenodesis / Tenotomy
Surgery / Invasive
Arthroscopic Capsular Release (Frozen Shoulder)
Surgery / Invasive
Arthroscopic Chondroplasty
Surgery / Invasive
Arthroscopic Distal Clavicle Excision (Mumford Procedure)
Surgery / Invasive
Arthroscopic Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI) Correction
Surgery / Invasive
Arthroscopic Labral Repair (Bankart/SLAP)
Surgery / Invasive
Arthroscopic Labral Repair (Hip)
Surgery / Invasive
Arthroscopic Loose Body Removal (Hip)
Surgery / Invasive
Arthroscopic Loose Body Removal (Knee)
Surgery / Invasive
Arthroscopic Medial Plica Excision
Surgery / Invasive
Arthroscopic Meniscus Repair
Surgery / Invasive
Arthroscopic Microfracture (Cartilage Repair)
Surgery / Invasive
Arthroscopic Osteochondral Lesion Repair (Elbow)
Surgery / Invasive
Arthroscopic Partial Meniscectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair
Surgery / Invasive
Arthroscopic Subacromial Decompression
Surgery / Invasive
Arthroscopic Synovectomy and Loose Body Removal
Surgery / Invasive
Artificial Disc Replacement (Cervical)
Surgery / Invasive
Artificial Disc Replacement (Lumbar)
Surgery / Invasive
Artificial Urinary Sphincter (AUS) Implantation
Surgery / Invasive
Ascending Aorta Replacement
Surgery / Invasive
Aspiration Therapy (AspireAssist)
Surgery / Invasive
Aspiration of Joint Effusion
Other Procedure
Aspiration of Joint Effusion (Diagnostic)
Diagnostic Intervention
Atrial Flutter Ablation
Surgery / Invasive
Atrial Septal Defect Closure
Surgery / Invasive
Atrial Septostomy (Balloon/Blade)
Surgery / Invasive
Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation (ACI) (Knee)
Surgery / Invasive
Autonomic Function Testing
Diagnostic Intervention
Back Slab Splint Application
Other Procedure
Balance & Proprioception Training
Physical / Respiratory Therapy
Balloon Pericardiotomy
Other Procedure
Balloon Pulmonary Angioplasty (BPA)
Surgery / Invasive
Baroreflex Activation Therapy (BAT)
Other Procedure
Baroreflex Activation Therapy (BAT) Implant
Surgery / Invasive
Barrett's Ablation - APC
Surgery / Invasive
Barrett's Ablation - Cryotherapy
Surgery / Invasive
Barrett's Ablation - Cryotherapy (Liquid nitrogen)
Surgery / Invasive
Barrett's Ablation - Radiofrequency (HALO)
Surgery / Invasive
Barrett's Ablation - Radiofrequency Ablation (HALO)
Surgery / Invasive
Bartholin Gland Marsupialization / I&D
Surgery / Invasive
Basic Wound Dressing Change
Other Procedure
Below-Knee Amputation (Transtibial) for Tumor
Surgery / Invasive
BiVAD Implantation
Surgery / Invasive
Bioimpedance Spectroscopy (BIS) for Dry Weight
Diagnostic Intervention
Blepharoplasty (Upper/Lower)
Surgery / Invasive
Blood Cultures
Other Procedure
Blood pressure monitoring
Other Procedure
Body Plethysmography
Diagnostic Intervention
Bone Biopsy (Percutaneous)
Other Procedure
Bone Biopsy (Percutaneous, Image-Guided)
Diagnostic Intervention
Bone Grafting (Allograft - Cadaveric)
Surgery / Invasive
Bone Grafting (Allograft)
Surgery / Invasive
Bone Grafting (Autograft - Iliac Crest)
Surgery / Invasive
Bone Grafting (Autograft)
Surgery / Invasive
Bone Grafting (Sinus Lift / Ridge Augmentation)
Surgery / Invasive
Bone Marrow Aspiration (Cardiac)
Diagnostic Intervention
Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy
Diagnostic Intervention
Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cell Therapy
Other Procedure
Bone Tumor Excision
Surgery / Invasive
Bone Tumor Excision (Limb Salvage)
Surgery / Invasive
Botulinum Toxin Injection
Surgery / Invasive
Botulinum Toxin Injection (Aesthetics)
Injection / Infusion
Botulinum Toxin Injection for Masseter Hypertrophy
Surgery / Invasive
Brachioplasty (Arm Lift)
Surgery / Invasive
Breast Augmentation (Silicone/Saline)
Surgery / Invasive
Bronchial Thermoplasty
Surgery / Invasive
Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL)
Diagnostic Intervention
Buccal Fat Pad Excision
Surgery / Invasive
Bunionectomy (Hallux Valgus Correction)
Surgery / Invasive
Buttonhole Cannulation Technique Training
Physical / Respiratory Therapy
CABG - Off Pump (OPCAB)
Surgery / Invasive
CMC Arthroplasty (Thumb - LRTI)
Surgery / Invasive
CPAP/BiPAP Titration Study
Diagnostic Intervention
CRT-D
Surgery / Invasive
CRT-P (Biventricular Pacemaker)
Surgery / Invasive
CTO PCI (Complex)
Surgery / Invasive
Calciphylaxis Wound Management & Sodium Thiosulfate Protocol
Physical / Respiratory Therapy
Calf Implant Insertion
Surgery / Invasive
Canthopexy
Surgery / Invasive
Canthoplasty
Surgery / Invasive
Capsular Shift (Multidirectional Instability)
Surgery / Invasive
Capsule Endoscopy (PillCam COLON 2)
Diagnostic Intervention
Capsule Endoscopy (PillCam ESO)
Diagnostic Intervention
Capsule Endoscopy (PillCam PAN)
Diagnostic Intervention
Capsule Endoscopy (PillCam SB3)
Diagnostic Intervention
Cardiac Contractility Modulation (CCM)
Other Procedure
Cardiac Contractility Modulation (CCM) Implant
Surgery / Invasive
Cardiac Myxoma Resection
Surgery / Invasive
Cardiac Rehabilitation (Session)
Physical / Respiratory Therapy
Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT-P)
Surgery / Invasive
Cardiac Shockwave Therapy
Other Procedure
Cardioneuroablation
Surgery / Invasive
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test
Diagnostic Intervention
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET)
Diagnostic Intervention
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
Other Procedure
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (if indicated)
Other Procedure
Cardioversion (DCCV)
Other Procedure
Carotid Artery Stenting
Surgery / Invasive
Carotid Endarterectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Carotid Endarterectomy (CEA)
Surgery / Invasive
Carpal Tunnel Release
Surgery / Invasive
Carpal Tunnel Release (Endoscopic)
Surgery / Invasive
Carpal Tunnel Release (Open)
Surgery / Invasive
Caudal Epidural Injection
Injection / Infusion
Cavus Foot Correction
Surgery / Invasive
Cemented Hemiarthroplasty for Pathologic Fracture
Surgery / Invasive
Central Venous Catheter (CVC) Placement
Surgery / Invasive
Central venous catheter placement
Other Procedure
Cervical Cerclage
Surgery / Invasive
Cervical Corpectomy for Tumor
Surgery / Invasive
Cervical Laminectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Cervical Laminoplasty
Surgery / Invasive
Cervical Radiculopathy Rehab Protocol
Physical / Respiratory Therapy
Cervical Radiculopathy Rehabilitation
Physical / Respiratory Therapy
Cervical Spinal Fusion (ACDF)
Surgery / Invasive
Cesarean Section (Lower Uterine Segment)
Surgery / Invasive
Chalazion Incision and Curettage (I&C)
Surgery / Invasive
Chemical Peel (Deep)
Surgery / Invasive
Chemical Pleurodesis (Talc/Doxycycline)
Surgery / Invasive
Chemodenervation for Spasticity
Surgery / Invasive
Chest Wall Resection and Reconstruction
Surgery / Invasive
Cholangioscopy (SpyGlass) with Lithotripsy
Surgery / Invasive
Chronic Total Occlusion (CTO) PCI
Surgery / Invasive
Circumcision (Adult)
Surgery / Invasive
Cleft Lip / Palate Repair
Surgery / Invasive
Cleft Lip Repair (Cheiloplasty)
Surgery / Invasive
Cleft Palate Repair (Palatoplasty)
Surgery / Invasive
Cleft Rhinoplasty (Definitive)
Surgery / Invasive
Clitoral Hood Reduction
Surgery / Invasive
Closed Reduction - Ankle Fracture/Dislocation
Other Procedure
Closed Reduction - Distal Radius Fracture
Other Procedure
Closed Reduction - Finger Dislocation
Other Procedure
Closed Reduction - Joint Dislocation (e.g., Elbow/Knee)
Other Procedure
Closed Reduction - Long Bone Fracture
Other Procedure
Closed Reduction - Patella Dislocation
Other Procedure
Closed Reduction - Shoulder Dislocation
Other Procedure
Closed Reduction and Casting
Physical / Respiratory Therapy
Closed Reduction and Casting - Distal Radius
Other Procedure
Closed Reduction and Percutaneous Pinning (CRPP) - Distal Radius
Surgery / Invasive
Clubfoot Casting (Ponseti Method)
Surgery / Invasive
Clubfoot Correction (Extensive Soft Tissue Release)
Surgery / Invasive
Clubfoot Correction (Ponseti Method)
Surgery / Invasive
Coaptation Splint Application
Other Procedure
Colostomy Closure / Reversal
Surgery / Invasive
Colposcopy with Cervical Biopsy
Diagnostic Intervention
Common Bile Duct Exploration (CBDE)
Surgery / Invasive
Compartment Syndrome Fasciotomy
Surgery / Invasive
Complex Wound Care
Other Procedure
Computed Tomography (CT) Scan of Kidneys
Other Procedure
Conduction System Pacing (LBBAP)
Surgery / Invasive
Congenital Vertical Talus Correction
Surgery / Invasive
Congenital Vertical Talus Correction (Rock-Bottom Flatfoot)
Surgery / Invasive
Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT)
Other Procedure
Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) Management
Other Procedure
Continuous Venovenous Hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) Initiation
Physical / Respiratory Therapy
Continuous Video EEG Monitoring
Diagnostic Intervention
Convergent AF Ablation
Surgery / Invasive
Core Needle Allograft Kidney Biopsy
Diagnostic Intervention
Core Needle Biopsy of Bone Tumor (US/CT Guided)
Diagnostic Intervention
Core Needle Biopsy of Soft Tissue Sarcoma
Diagnostic Intervention
Core Stabilization Exercises (Spine)
Physical / Respiratory Therapy
Corneal Transplant (Penetrating Keratoplasty - PKP)
Surgery / Invasive
Coronary Angiography
Diagnostic Intervention
Coronary Angiography (Left Heart Cath)
Diagnostic Intervention
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) - Off Pump (OPCAB)
Surgery / Invasive
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) - On Pump
Surgery / Invasive
Coronary Flow Reserve (CFR)
Diagnostic Intervention
Coronary Sinus Reducer
Surgery / Invasive
Coronary Sinus Reducer Implantation
Surgery / Invasive
Corpectomy (Cervical)
Surgery / Invasive
Corpus Callosotomy
Surgery / Invasive
Craniotomy for Tumor Resection
Surgery / Invasive
Cricothyroidotomy
Surgery / Invasive
Cross-Facial Nerve Graft
Surgery / Invasive
Cryoablation of Bone Tumor
Surgery / Invasive
Cryotherapy / Cryobiopsy - Endobronchial
Surgery / Invasive
Curettage and Bone Grafting of Hand Enchondroma
Surgery / Invasive
Curettage of Calcaneal Bone Cyst
Surgery / Invasive
Curettage with Adjuvant Therapy (Phenol/Cryotherapy/Argon)
Surgery / Invasive
Custom 3D-Printed Pelvic Reconstruction
Surgery / Invasive
Custom Orthosis Fitting
Other Procedure
Custom Orthosis Fitting (Spine/Limb)
Other Procedure
DBE - Total enteroscopy
Diagnostic Intervention
DIEP Flap Breast Reconstruction
Surgery / Invasive
DLCO (Diffusion Capacity of Carbon Monoxide)
Diagnostic Intervention
Darrach Procedure (for Tumor)
Surgery / Invasive
David Procedure (Valve-Sparing Root Replacement)
Surgery / Invasive
David Procedure (Valve-Sparing)
Surgery / Invasive
De Quervain’s Tenosynovitis Release
Surgery / Invasive
Debridement & Irrigation of Septic Joint
Surgery / Invasive
Debridement of Necrotizing Infection
Surgery / Invasive
Debridement of Open Fracture
Surgery / Invasive
Debridement of Open Fracture (Gustilo)
Surgery / Invasive
Debridement of Osteomyelitis
Surgery / Invasive
Debridement of Osteomyelitis (Sequestrectomy)
Surgery / Invasive
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) Implantation
Surgery / Invasive
Deep Circumflex Iliac Artery (DCIA) Flap
Surgery / Invasive
Deep Plane Rhytidectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Defibrillation
Other Procedure
Dental Crown Preparation and Cementation
Physical / Respiratory Therapy
Dental Implant Placement (Endosseous)
Surgery / Invasive
Dermal Filler Injection (Hyaluronic Acid)
Injection / Infusion
Descending Aorta Replacement
Surgery / Invasive
Diagnostic Arthroscopy - Ankle
Diagnostic Intervention
Diagnostic Arthroscopy - Knee
Diagnostic Intervention
Diagnostic Arthroscopy - Shoulder
Diagnostic Intervention
Diagnostic Cystoscopy (Flexible)
Diagnostic Intervention
Diagnostic Cystoscopy (Rigid)
Diagnostic Intervention
Diagnostic paracentesis
Other Procedure
Diaphyseal Intercalary Resection of Tibia
Surgery / Invasive
Dilation and Curettage (D&C)
Surgery / Invasive
Direct Current Cardioversion (DCCV)
Other Procedure
Discography (Cervical/Lumbar)
Diagnostic Intervention
Distal Biceps Tendon Repair
Surgery / Invasive
Distal Femoral Osteotomy (DFO)
Surgery / Invasive
Distal Femoral Osteotomy for Genu Valgum (Knock-Knee)
Surgery / Invasive
Distal Fibulectomy (Tumor Resection)
Surgery / Invasive
Distal Radioulnar Joint (DRUJ) Arthroplasty (Sauve-Kapandji)
Surgery / Invasive
Distal Radius Resection with Fibular Autograft Reconstruction
Surgery / Invasive
Distraction Osteogenesis (Mandible)
Surgery / Invasive
Double Valve Replacement (AVR + MVR)
Surgery / Invasive
Double-Balloon Enteroscopy (DBE) - Antegrade
Diagnostic Intervention
Double-Balloon Enteroscopy - Retrograde
Diagnostic Intervention
Double-J (DJ) Stent Insertion
Surgery / Invasive
Double-J Stent Removal
Surgery / Invasive
Dupuytren's Fasciectomy
Surgery / Invasive
ECMO - Veno-Arterial (VA-ECMO)
Other Procedure
ECMO - Veno-Venous (VV-ECMO)
Other Procedure
ECMO Cannulation
Surgery / Invasive
EFTR - Over-the-scope clip (OTSC) assisted
Surgery / Invasive
EMG/Nerve Conduction Study (NCS) Referral
Diagnostic Intervention
EMR - Cap assisted
Surgery / Invasive
EMR - Underwater (U-EMR)
Surgery / Invasive
ERCP - Ampullectomy (Endoscopic papillectomy)
Surgery / Invasive
ERCP - Bilateral Hilar Stenting (Stent-in-Stent)
Surgery / Invasive
ERCP - Biliary Sphincterotomy
Surgery / Invasive
ERCP - Biliary Stent Placement (Fully covered SEMS)
Surgery / Invasive
ERCP - Biliary Stent Placement (Plastic 5-12Fr)
Surgery / Invasive
ERCP - Biliary Stent Placement (Uncovered SEMS)
Surgery / Invasive
ERCP - Biliary Stone Extraction (Balloon/Basket)
Surgery / Invasive
ERCP - Cholangioscopy (SpyGlass) Guided Biopsy
Diagnostic Intervention
ERCP - Cyst Duct Stenting (Mirizzi syndrome)
Surgery / Invasive
ERCP - Electrohydraulic Lithotripsy (EHL)
Surgery / Invasive
ERCP - Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL)
Surgery / Invasive
ERCP - Laser Lithotripsy
Surgery / Invasive
ERCP - Mechanical Lithotripsy
Surgery / Invasive
ERCP - Minor Papilla Cannulation
Diagnostic Intervention
ERCP - Minor Papilla Sphincterotomy
Surgery / Invasive
ERCP - Pancreatic Sphincterotomy
Surgery / Invasive
ERCP - Pancreatic Stent Placement
Surgery / Invasive
ERCP - Pancreatic Stone Extraction
Surgery / Invasive
ESD - Colon
Surgery / Invasive
ESD - Rectum
Surgery / Invasive
ESD - Stomach (Antrum)
Surgery / Invasive
ESD - Stomach (Body/ Fundus)
Surgery / Invasive
EUS - Biliary Drainage (EUS-BD) - Antegrade stenting
Surgery / Invasive
EUS - Biliary Drainage (EUS-BD) - Choledochoduodenostomy
Surgery / Invasive
EUS - Biliary Drainage (EUS-BD) - Hepaticogastrostomy
Surgery / Invasive
EUS - Celiac Plexus Block (CPB) with steroids
Surgery / Invasive
EUS - Celiac Plexus Neurolysis (CPN)
Surgery / Invasive
EUS - Cystogastrostomy (Lumen-apposing metal stent)
Surgery / Invasive
EUS - Cystogastrostomy (Plastic stent double pigtail)
Surgery / Invasive
EUS - FNA of Left Adrenal Gland
Diagnostic Intervention
EUS - FNA of Mediastinal Lymph Nodes
Diagnostic Intervention
EUS - Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) of Pancreas
Diagnostic Intervention
EUS - Fine Needle Biopsy (FNB) of Pancreas
Diagnostic Intervention
EUS - Fine Needle Injection (FNI) of Pancreatic Cysts
Surgery / Invasive
EUS - Gallbladder Drainage (EUS-GBD)
Surgery / Invasive
EUS - Gastric Varices Coil Embolization
Surgery / Invasive
EUS - Pancreatic Duct Drainage (EUS-PD)
Surgery / Invasive
EUS - Portal Pressure Gradient Measurement
Diagnostic Intervention
EUS - Staging of Esophageal Cancer (EUS-TNM)
Diagnostic Intervention
EUS - Staging of Gastric Cancer
Diagnostic Intervention
EUS - Staging of Pancreatic Cancer (Resectability)
Diagnostic Intervention
EUS - Staging of Rectal Cancer
Diagnostic Intervention
EUS-Celiac Plexus Neurolysis (CPN)
Surgery / Invasive
EUS-guided Biliary Drainage (EUS-BD)
Surgery / Invasive
EUS-guided Cystogastrostomy (LAMS)
Surgery / Invasive
EUS-guided Gallbladder Drainage (EUS-GBD)
Surgery / Invasive
EUS-guided Gallbladder Drainage (LAMS)
Surgery / Invasive
EUS-guided Rendezvous ERCP (Failed papilla cannulation)
Surgery / Invasive
EVAC - Esophageal perforation
Surgery / Invasive
EVAR (Endovascular AAA Repair)
Surgery / Invasive
Elbow Arthroscopy (Diagnostic/Debridement)
Surgery / Invasive
Electroencephalogram (EEG) - Routine
Diagnostic Intervention
Electrolyte Panel
Other Procedure
Electrolyte monitoring
Other Procedure
Electromyography (EMG)
Diagnostic Intervention
Electrophysiology Study (EPS)
Diagnostic Intervention
En Bloc Spondylectomy
Surgery / Invasive
En-Bloc Capsulectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Endobronchial Ultrasound (EBUS-TBNA)
Diagnostic Intervention
Endobronchial Valve Placement (Zephyr/Spiration)
Surgery / Invasive
Endometrial Ablation
Surgery / Invasive
Endomyocardial Biopsy
Diagnostic Intervention
Endoscopic Balloon Dilation (Through-the-scope)
Surgery / Invasive
Endoscopic Balloon Dilation (Wire-guided bougie)
Surgery / Invasive
Endoscopic Brow Lift
Surgery / Invasive
Endoscopic Full-Thickness Resection (EFTR)
Surgery / Invasive
Endoscopic Fundoplication (GERD-X)
Surgery / Invasive
Endoscopic Hemostasis - APC (Argon Plasma)
Surgery / Invasive
Endoscopic Hemostasis - Band Ligation (Varices)
Surgery / Invasive
Endoscopic Hemostasis - Clipping (Through-scope)
Surgery / Invasive
Endoscopic Hemostasis - Combination therapy (Epinephrine + Clip)
Surgery / Invasive
Endoscopic Hemostasis - Epinephrine injection
Surgery / Invasive
Endoscopic Hemostasis - Hemospray (TC-325)
Surgery / Invasive
Endoscopic Hemostasis - Hemostatic Forceps (Coagrasper)
Surgery / Invasive
Endoscopic Hemostasis - Over-the-scope Clip (OTSC)
Surgery / Invasive
Endoscopic Hemostasis - Sclerotherapy (EVS)
Surgery / Invasive
Endoscopic Mucosal Resection (EMR) - Piecemeal
Surgery / Invasive
Endoscopic Mucosal Resection (EMR) - Standard snare
Surgery / Invasive
Endoscopic Pyloromyotomy (G-POEM) - Diabetic GP
Surgery / Invasive
Endoscopic Pyloromyotomy - Post-surgical GP
Surgery / Invasive
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) - Diagnostic
Diagnostic Intervention
Endoscopic Revision - Gastric Band (Slippage)
Surgery / Invasive
Endoscopic Revision - Gastric Bypass (Pouch dilation)
Surgery / Invasive
Endoscopic Revision of Bariatric Surgery (Roux-en-Y)
Surgery / Invasive
Endoscopic Sleeve Gastroplasty (ESG)
Surgery / Invasive
Endoscopic Sleeve Gastroplasty with Pyloric sparing
Surgery / Invasive
Endoscopic Stent Placement (Colon - Through scope)
Surgery / Invasive
Endoscopic Stent Placement (Colon)
Surgery / Invasive
Endoscopic Stent Placement (Duodenum)
Surgery / Invasive
Endoscopic Stent Placement (Esophagus - Fully covered)
Surgery / Invasive
Endoscopic Stent Placement (Esophagus - Partially covered)
Surgery / Invasive
Endoscopic Stent Placement (Esophagus)
Surgery / Invasive
Endoscopic Stricturotomy (IT-knife)
Surgery / Invasive
Endoscopic Stricturotomy (Needle-knife)
Surgery / Invasive
Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection (ESD) - Esophagus
Surgery / Invasive
Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection (ESD) - Gastric
Surgery / Invasive
Endoscopic Vacuum Therapy (EVAC)
Surgery / Invasive
Endoscopic Vacuum Therapy (EVAC) - Anastomotic leak
Surgery / Invasive
Endotracheal Intubation
Surgery / Invasive
Endovascular Mechanical Thrombectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Endovascular Salvage of Thrombosed AVF/AVG (Declotting)
Surgery / Invasive
Enhanced External Counterpulsation (EECP)
Other Procedure
Epicardial VT Ablation
Surgery / Invasive
Epicondyle Injection (Elbow - Steroid)
Injection / Infusion
Epididymectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Epidural Steroid Injection (ESI - Cervical)
Injection / Infusion
Epidural Steroid Injection (ESI - Lumbar)
Injection / Infusion
Escharotomy
Surgery / Invasive
Event Monitor Placement
Other Procedure
Evoked Potentials (VEP, BAER, SSEP)
Diagnostic Intervention
Excision of Benign Oral Tumor/Cyst
Surgery / Invasive
Excision of Lipoma/Small Soft Tissue Mass
Surgery / Invasive
Excision of Morton's Neuroma
Surgery / Invasive
Excision of Osteochondroma (Exostosectomy)
Surgery / Invasive
Excision of Osteoid Osteoma (Talus/Calcaneus)
Surgery / Invasive
Excision of Subungual Glomus Tumor
Surgery / Invasive
Exploratory Laparotomy (Damage Control)
Surgery / Invasive
Extensive Open Synovectomy (Knee/Hip)
Surgery / Invasive
Extensor Tendon Repair (Hand)
Surgery / Invasive
External Fixation Application (Lower Extremity)
Surgery / Invasive
External Fixation Application (Upper Extremity)
Surgery / Invasive
External Ventricular Drain (EVD) Insertion
Surgery / Invasive
Extracorporeal CPR (eCPR) Cannulation
Surgery / Invasive
Extracorporeal Cytokine Adsorption (CytoSorb)
Physical / Respiratory Therapy
Extracorporeal Irradiation and Reimplantation (ECI)
Surgery / Invasive
Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL)
Surgery / Invasive
Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) Medical Management
Physical / Respiratory Therapy
Extracranial-Intracranial (EC-IC) Bypass
Surgery / Invasive
FTM Top Surgery: Double Incision
Surgery / Invasive
FTM Top Surgery: Periareolar/Keyhole
Surgery / Invasive
Facet Joint Injection (Cervical/Lumbar - Diagnostic/Therapeutic)
Injection / Infusion
Facet Joint Injection (Cervical/Lumbar)
Injection / Infusion
Facial Feminization: Frontal Sinus Setback
Surgery / Invasive
Facial Feminization: Mandibular Angle Reduction
Surgery / Invasive
Fasciotomy (Hand/Forearm)
Surgery / Invasive
Fat Grafting (Autologous Fat Transfer)
Surgery / Invasive
Femoral Derotational Osteotomy
Surgery / Invasive
Femoral Osteotomy for DDH
Surgery / Invasive
Fibula Free Flap
Surgery / Invasive
Fibular Free Flap
Surgery / Invasive
Fibular Shaft Resection (En Bloc)
Surgery / Invasive
Finger Joint Arthroplasty (MCP/PIP)
Surgery / Invasive
Flatfoot Reconstruction (Adult Acquired)
Surgery / Invasive
Flexible Bronchoscopy (Diagnostic)
Diagnostic Intervention
Flexor Tendon Repair
Surgery / Invasive
Flexor Tendon Repair (Hand)
Surgery / Invasive
Fluid balance monitoring
Other Procedure
Fluid management during hemodialysis
Other Procedure
Fluid resuscitation
Other Procedure
Foraminotomy (Cervical)
Surgery / Invasive
Foraminotomy (Lumbar)
Surgery / Invasive
Foreign Body Removal (Superficial)
Surgery / Invasive
Forequarter Amputation
Surgery / Invasive
Fractional Excretion Indices Calculation (FeNa, FeUrea)
Diagnostic Intervention
Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR)
Diagnostic Intervention
Frozen Elephant Trunk Procedure
Surgery / Invasive
Full-Thickness Skin Graft (FTSG)
Surgery / Invasive
Ganglion Cyst Aspiration
Injection / Infusion
Ganglion Cyst Excision
Surgery / Invasive
Ganglion Cyst Excision (Endoscopic)
Surgery / Invasive
Ganglion Cyst Excision (Open/Arthroscopic)
Surgery / Invasive
Gastric POEM (G-POEM) for Gastroparesis
Surgery / Invasive
Gastric Peroral Endoscopic Pyloromyotomy (G-POEM)
Surgery / Invasive
Gastrostomy Tube (G-Tube) Placement
Surgery / Invasive
Genetic Testing
Other Procedure
Genioplasty (Chin Augmentation/Reduction)
Surgery / Invasive
Gingivectomy / Crown Lengthening
Surgery / Invasive
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) Estimation
Other Procedure
Gluteal Augmentation (BBL)
Surgery / Invasive
Gluteus Medius Repair
Surgery / Invasive
Gracilis Muscle Free Flap
Surgery / Invasive
Gynecomastia Excision
Surgery / Invasive
Hair Transplantation (FUE/FUT)
Surgery / Invasive
Hammertoe/Clawtoe Correction
Surgery / Invasive
Hartmann's Procedure
Surgery / Invasive
Heart Rate Variability (HRV) Analysis
Diagnostic Intervention
Heart Transplant
Surgery / Invasive
Heart Transplant - Heterotopic (Piggyback)
Surgery / Invasive
Heart Transplant - Orthotopic
Surgery / Invasive
Heart Valve Replacement - Bioprosthetic Aortic
Surgery / Invasive
Heart Valve Replacement - Bioprosthetic Mitral
Surgery / Invasive
Heart Valve Replacement - Mechanical Aortic
Surgery / Invasive
Heart Valve Replacement - Mechanical Mitral
Surgery / Invasive
Heart-Lung Transplant
Surgery / Invasive
Hemiarthroplasty (Hip)
Surgery / Invasive
Hemiarthroplasty (Shoulder)
Surgery / Invasive
Hemicortical Resection (Surface Osteosarcoma)
Surgery / Invasive
Hemiepiphysiodesis (Guided Growth)
Surgery / Invasive
Hemodialysis Catheter (Permcath) Insertion
Surgery / Invasive
Hemorrhoidectomy (Excisional)
Surgery / Invasive
Hepatic Wedge Resection
Surgery / Invasive
High Tibial Osteotomy (HTO)
Surgery / Invasive
High-Risk PCI (Impella Support)
Surgery / Invasive
Hip Arthroscopy (Diagnostic/Debridement)
Surgery / Invasive
Hip Disarticulation
Surgery / Invasive
Hip Resurfacing Arthroplasty
Surgery / Invasive
Holmium Laser Enucleation of Prostate (HoLEP)
Surgery / Invasive
Holter Monitor Placement
Other Procedure
Hybrid AF Ablation
Surgery / Invasive
Hydrocelectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Hysteroscopy
Diagnostic Intervention
IABP Insertion
Surgery / Invasive
ICD - Dual Chamber
Surgery / Invasive
ICD - Single Chamber
Surgery / Invasive
IUD (Intrauterine Device) Insertion/Removal
Surgery / Invasive
Ileal Conduit Urinary Diversion
Surgery / Invasive
Iliopsoas Release
Surgery / Invasive
Impella (LV Support Device) Insertion
Other Procedure
Impella 5.5 Surgical Insertion
Surgery / Invasive
Impella Insertion
Surgery / Invasive
Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) - Single Chamber
Surgery / Invasive
In Situ Pinning for Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE)
Surgery / Invasive
Incision and Drainage (Abscess)
Surgery / Invasive
Incision and Drainage (I&D) of Perianal Abscess
Surgery / Invasive
Incision and Drainage of Fascial Space Infection
Surgery / Invasive
Incisional Biopsy of Oral Mucosa
Surgery / Invasive
Instantaneous Wave-Free Ratio (iFR)
Diagnostic Intervention
Intercalary Allograft/Prosthesis Reconstruction
Surgery / Invasive
Internal Hemipelvectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump (IABP) Insertion
Other Procedure
Intra-articular Corticosteroid Injection
Injection / Infusion
Intra-articular Hip Injection (Corticosteroid - often US/Fluoro guided)
Injection / Infusion
Intra-articular Hip Injection (Steroid)
Injection / Infusion
Intra-articular Knee Injection (Corticosteroid)
Injection / Infusion
Intra-articular Knee Injection (Hyaluronic Acid/Viscosupplementation)
Injection / Infusion
Intra-articular Knee Injection (PRP - Platelet-Rich Plasma)
Injection / Infusion
Intra-articular Knee Injection (Steroid)
Injection / Infusion
Intra-articular Shoulder Injection (Corticosteroid)
Injection / Infusion
Intra-articular Shoulder Injection (Steroid)
Injection / Infusion
Intracardiac Echocardiography (ICE)
Diagnostic Intervention
Intracavernosal Injection Therapy (ICI)
Injection / Infusion
Intragastric Balloon (Obalon - Gas-filled)
Surgery / Invasive
Intragastric Balloon (Orbera 6 months)
Surgery / Invasive
Intragastric Balloon (Spatz - Adjustable)
Surgery / Invasive
Intragastric Balloon Placement
Surgery / Invasive
Intralesional Collagenase Injection (Xiaflex)
Injection / Infusion
Intralesional Curettage and Bone Grafting
Surgery / Invasive
Intramedullary Nailing (Femoral Shaft Fracture)
Surgery / Invasive
Intramedullary Nailing (Femoral Shaft)
Surgery / Invasive
Intramedullary Nailing (Fibular Shaft)
Surgery / Invasive
Intramedullary Nailing (Humeral Shaft Fracture)
Surgery / Invasive
Intramedullary Nailing (Humeral Shaft)
Surgery / Invasive
Intramedullary Nailing (Tibial Shaft Fracture)
Surgery / Invasive
Intramedullary Nailing - Tibial Shaft Fracture
Surgery / Invasive
Intraoperative Neuromonitoring (IONM)
Other Procedure
Intraperitoneal Antibiotic Administration
Other Procedure
Intrathecal Baclofen Pump Implantation
Surgery / Invasive
Intravascular Lithotripsy
Surgery / Invasive
Intravascular Lithotripsy (IVL)
Surgery / Invasive
Intravascular Lithotripsy (IVL) of Coronary Artery
Surgery / Invasive
Intravascular Ultrasound (IVUS)
Diagnostic Intervention
Intravenous Etelcalcetide (Parsabiv) Administration
Injection / Infusion
Intravenous Iron Replacement Protocol (Ferric Carboxymaltose)
Injection / Infusion
Intravenous antibiotic administration
Other Procedure
Intravenous fluid resuscitation
Other Procedure
Intravesical BCG Instillation
Physical / Respiratory Therapy
Intravesical Botox Injection
Surgery / Invasive
Intravitreal Anti-VEGF Injection (Lucentis/Eylea/Avastin)
Surgery / Invasive
Intussusception Reduction (Air Enema)
Surgery / Invasive
Isolated Limb Perfusion (ILP)
Surgery / Invasive
K-wire Removal (Superficial)
Surgery / Invasive
Kasai Procedure (Hepatoportoenterostomy)
Surgery / Invasive
Kidney Biopsy
Other Procedure
Kidney Function Tests
Other Procedure
Kienbock's Disease Treatment (e.g., Radial Shortening Osteotomy)
Surgery / Invasive
Kienbock's Disease Treatment (e.g., Radial Shortening)
Surgery / Invasive
Knee Arthroscopy & Partial Meniscectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Knee Arthroscopy (Diagnostic)
Surgery / Invasive
Knee Arthroscopy (Diagnostic/Debridement)
Surgery / Invasive
Knee Osteoarthritis Exercise Program
Physical / Respiratory Therapy
Kyphoplasty
Surgery / Invasive
Kyphoplasty/Vertebroplasty for Pathologic Oncologic Fracture
Surgery / Invasive
LASIK (Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis)
Surgery / Invasive
LEEP (Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure)
Surgery / Invasive
LVAD Implantation (HeartMate 3)
Surgery / Invasive
LVAD Implantation - Bridge to Transplant
Surgery / Invasive
LVAD Implantation - Destination Therapy
Surgery / Invasive
Labiaplasty (Wedge Resection)
Surgery / Invasive
Laminectomy (Decompression)
Surgery / Invasive
Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Band (LAGB)
Surgery / Invasive
Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Laparoscopic Appendectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Laparoscopic Bilateral Salpingo-Oophorectomy (BSO)
Surgery / Invasive
Laparoscopic Central Pancreatectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Laparoscopic Distal Pancreatectomy with Splenectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Laparoscopic Dor Fundoplication (Anterior 180)
Surgery / Invasive
Laparoscopic Heller Myotomy
Surgery / Invasive
Laparoscopic Hiatal Hernia Repair (Cruroplasty)
Surgery / Invasive
Laparoscopic Inguinal Hernia Repair (TAPP)
Surgery / Invasive
Laparoscopic Inguinal Hernia Repair (TEP)
Surgery / Invasive
Laparoscopic Left Lateral Sectionectomy (LLS)
Surgery / Invasive
Laparoscopic Liver Resection (Segmentectomy)
Surgery / Invasive
Laparoscopic Myomectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Laparoscopic Nissen Fundoplication (360 degree)
Surgery / Invasive
Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty
Surgery / Invasive
Laparoscopic Repair of Paraesophageal Hernia (Type IV)
Surgery / Invasive
Laparoscopic Right Hepatectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB)
Surgery / Invasive
Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Laparoscopic Toupet Fundoplication (270 degree)
Surgery / Invasive
Laparoscopic Varicocelectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Laparoscopic Ventral Hernia Repair (IPOM)
Surgery / Invasive
Laparoscopic Whipple (Pancreaticoduodenectomy)
Surgery / Invasive
Lariat Procedure
Surgery / Invasive
Laser Atherectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Laser Lead Extraction
Surgery / Invasive
Laser Skin Resurfacing (Ablative)
Surgery / Invasive
Latarjet Procedure (Shoulder Stabilization)
Surgery / Invasive
Lateral Ankle Ligament Reconstruction (Brostrom/Modified Brostrom)
Surgery / Invasive
Lateral Epicondyle Release (Tennis Elbow Surgery)
Surgery / Invasive
Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion (LLIF/XLIF/DLIF)
Surgery / Invasive
Latissimus Dorsi Flap (Pedicled)
Surgery / Invasive
Latissimus Dorsi Myocutaneous Flap
Surgery / Invasive
Le Fort I Osteotomy
Surgery / Invasive
Le Fort II Osteotomy
Surgery / Invasive
Le Fort III Osteotomy
Surgery / Invasive
Leadless Pacemaker (Micra)
Surgery / Invasive
Left Atrial Appendage Closure (Amplatzer Amulet/Watchman FLX)
Surgery / Invasive
Left Atrial Appendage Closure (Watchman)
Surgery / Invasive
Left Heart Catheterization
Diagnostic Intervention
Left Hemicolectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Left Ventriculography
Diagnostic Intervention
Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease (Osteotomy)
Surgery / Invasive
Levator Advancement
Surgery / Invasive
Limberg (Rhomboid) Flap
Surgery / Invasive
Lobectomy (VATS or Open)
Surgery / Invasive
Long Arm Cast Application
Other Procedure
Long Arm Cast Application (Fiberglass/Plaster)
Other Procedure
Long Leg Cast Application
Other Procedure
Long Leg Cast Application (Fiberglass/Plaster)
Other Procedure
Loop Recorder Implantation
Surgery / Invasive
Loop Recorder Removal
Surgery / Invasive
Low Anterior Resection (LAR)
Surgery / Invasive
Lumbar Laminectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Lumbar Laminectomy & Discectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Lumbar Microdiscectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Lumbar Puncture (Spinal Tap)
Diagnostic Intervention
Lumbar Spinal Fusion (TLIF)
Surgery / Invasive
Lumbar Spinal Stenosis/Disc Herniation Rehabilitation
Physical / Respiratory Therapy
Lumbar Spine Stabilization Program
Physical / Respiratory Therapy
Lung Transplantation (Single/Bilateral)
Surgery / Invasive
Lymphovenous Bypass (LVB)
Surgery / Invasive
MAZE Procedure (AF)
Surgery / Invasive
MPFL Reconstruction (Patellar Stabilization)
Surgery / Invasive
MRI-Fusion Targeted Prostate Biopsy
Diagnostic Intervention
Male Sling Procedure
Surgery / Invasive
Manual Therapy (Mobilization/Manipulation)
Physical / Respiratory Therapy
Marginal Excision of Soft Tissue Mass (Lipoma/Fibroma)
Surgery / Invasive
Masseteric Nerve Transfer
Surgery / Invasive
Mastopexy (Auto-augmentation)
Surgery / Invasive
Mastopexy (Breast Lift)
Surgery / Invasive
Maxillofacial ORIF
Surgery / Invasive
Maxillofacial ORIF (Open Reduction Internal Fixation)
Surgery / Invasive
Meatotomy
Surgery / Invasive
Mechanical Lead Extraction
Surgery / Invasive
Medial Epicondyle Release (Golfer's Elbow Surgery)
Surgery / Invasive
Mediastinoscopy
Surgery / Invasive
Medical Expulsive Therapy (MET) Protocol
Physical / Respiratory Therapy
Medical Thoracoscopy (Pleuroscopy)
Surgery / Invasive
Meniscectomy (Arthroscopic)
Surgery / Invasive
Meniscus Repair (Arthroscopic)
Surgery / Invasive
Methacholine Challenge Test
Diagnostic Intervention
Microdiscectomy (Lumbar)
Surgery / Invasive
Microscopic Vasovasostomy (Vasectomy Reversal)
Surgery / Invasive
Microsurgical Nerve Repair / Graft
Surgery / Invasive
Microsurgical Varicocelectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Microvolt T-Wave Alternans
Diagnostic Intervention
Mid-Urethral Sling (TVT/TOT)
Surgery / Invasive
Midface Lift (SOOF suspension)
Surgery / Invasive
Mini-Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (Mini-PCNL)
Surgery / Invasive
Minimally Invasive CABG (MIDCAB)
Surgery / Invasive
Minimally Invasive Direct CABG (MIDCAB)
Surgery / Invasive
MitraClip Procedure
Surgery / Invasive
Mitral Valve Repair (Annuloplasty)
Surgery / Invasive
Mitral Valve Repair - Complex
Surgery / Invasive
Mitral Valve Repair - Minimally Invasive
Surgery / Invasive
Mitral Valve Replacement - Bioprosthetic
Surgery / Invasive
Mitral Valve Replacement - Mechanical
Surgery / Invasive
Mitrofanoff Appendicovesicostomy
Surgery / Invasive
Mohs Defect Reconstruction (Local Flap)
Surgery / Invasive
Motorized Spiral Enteroscopy (PowerSpiral)
Diagnostic Intervention
Mucosal Ablation (ARMA - Stretta)
Surgery / Invasive
Multiligament Knee Reconstruction
Surgery / Invasive
Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT)
Diagnostic Intervention
Muscle Biopsy
Surgery / Invasive
Myringotomy with Tympanostomy Tube Insertion
Surgery / Invasive
NOTES - Cholecystectomy (Hybrid)
Surgery / Invasive
NOTES - Transgastric Appendectomy (Animal study)
Surgery / Invasive
NOTES - Transgastric Peritoneoscopy
Surgery / Invasive
Nail Avulsion/Excision
Surgery / Invasive
Nail Avulsion/Excision (Ingrown Toenail)
Surgery / Invasive
Navigational Bronchoscopy (Electromagnetic)
Diagnostic Intervention
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS)
Diagnostic Intervention
Nerve Biopsy
Surgery / Invasive
Nerve Block (Suprascapular Nerve Block)
Injection / Infusion
Nerve Block (Suprascapular)
Injection / Infusion
Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS)
Diagnostic Intervention
Nerve Conduction Study (NCS) / EMG
Other Procedure
Nerve Decompression
Surgery / Invasive
Nerve Decompression/Repair (Major Peripheral Nerve)
Surgery / Invasive
Nerve Repair/Graft (Hand/Wrist)
Surgery / Invasive
Nerve Transfer
Surgery / Invasive
Newborn Circumcision
Surgery / Invasive
Nipple-Areola Complex Reconstruction
Surgery / Invasive
Nonunion/Malunion Correction
Surgery / Invasive
Nuclear Stress Test (SPECT)
Diagnostic Intervention
Nutritional Counseling (Bone Health)
Other Procedure
ORIF - Acetabular Fracture
Surgery / Invasive
ORIF - Ankle Fracture (Unimalleolar/Bimalleolar/Trimalleolar)
Surgery / Invasive
ORIF - Calcaneus Fracture
Surgery / Invasive
ORIF - Clavicle Fracture
Surgery / Invasive
ORIF - Distal Humerus Fracture
Surgery / Invasive
ORIF - Distal Radius Fracture
Surgery / Invasive
ORIF - Femoral Condyle Fracture
Surgery / Invasive
ORIF - Femoral Neck Fracture
Surgery / Invasive
ORIF - Femur Fracture
Surgery / Invasive
ORIF - Intertrochanteric Femur Fracture
Surgery / Invasive
ORIF - Lisfranc Injury
Surgery / Invasive
ORIF - Lisfranc Injury (Midfoot)
Surgery / Invasive
ORIF - Metacarpal Fracture
Surgery / Invasive
ORIF - Metatarsal Fracture
Surgery / Invasive
ORIF - Olecranon Fracture
Surgery / Invasive
ORIF - Patella Fracture
Surgery / Invasive
ORIF - Pelvic Ring Fracture
Surgery / Invasive
ORIF - Phalangeal Fracture (Finger/Thumb)
Surgery / Invasive
ORIF - Phalangeal Fracture (Foot)
Surgery / Invasive
ORIF - Pilon Fracture (Distal Tibia)
Surgery / Invasive
ORIF - Proximal Humerus Fracture
Surgery / Invasive
ORIF - Radial Head Fracture
Surgery / Invasive
ORIF - Scaphoid Fracture
Surgery / Invasive
ORIF - Scapula Fracture
Surgery / Invasive
ORIF - Subtrochanteric Femur Fracture
Surgery / Invasive
ORIF - Talus Fracture
Surgery / Invasive
ORIF - Tibia Plateau Fracture
Surgery / Invasive
ORIF - Tibial Plateau Fracture
Surgery / Invasive
Omental Free Flap
Surgery / Invasive
Open Appendectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Open Cholecystectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Open Incisional Biopsy of Bone/Soft Tissue Tumor
Surgery / Invasive
Open Inguinal Hernia Repair (Lichtenstein)
Surgery / Invasive
Open Reduction Internal Fixation (ORIF) - Ankle
Surgery / Invasive
Open Reduction Internal Fixation (ORIF) - Ankle Fracture
Surgery / Invasive
Open Reduction for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH)
Surgery / Invasive
Open Rotator Cuff Repair
Surgery / Invasive
Open Simple Prostatectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
Diagnostic Intervention
Optical Internal Urethrotomy (DVIU)
Surgery / Invasive
Orbital Atherectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Orchidopexy
Surgery / Invasive
Orthognathic Surgery (BSSO / Le Fort I)
Surgery / Invasive
Orthotopic Neobladder Reconstruction
Surgery / Invasive
Osteoarthritis Management Exercise Program (Knee/Hip)
Physical / Respiratory Therapy
Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation (OCA) (Knee)
Surgery / Invasive
Otoplasty
Surgery / Invasive
PASCAL Mitral Repair System
Surgery / Invasive
PCI - Bare Metal Stent
Surgery / Invasive
PCI - Bare Metal Stent (BMS)
Surgery / Invasive
PCI - Bioresorbable Scaffold
Surgery / Invasive
PCI - Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffold
Surgery / Invasive
PCI - Drug Eluting Stent
Surgery / Invasive
PCL Reconstruction
Surgery / Invasive
PET Stress Test
Diagnostic Intervention
PFO Closure
Surgery / Invasive
POEM - Failed Heller myotomy
Surgery / Invasive
POEM - Sigmoid esophagus
Surgery / Invasive
PRK (Photorefractive Keratectomy)
Surgery / Invasive
PRP (Platelet-Rich Plasma) Injection - Knee
Injection / Infusion
PVC Ablation
Surgery / Invasive
Pacemaker - Dual Chamber
Surgery / Invasive
Pacemaker - Dual Chamber (DDD)
Surgery / Invasive
Pacemaker - Leadless (Micra)
Surgery / Invasive
Pacemaker - Single Chamber
Surgery / Invasive
Pacemaker - Single Chamber (VVI)
Surgery / Invasive
Panniculectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Panretinal Photocoagulation (PRP) Laser
Surgery / Invasive
Paracentesis
Surgery / Invasive
Paracentesis (HF)
Other Procedure
Pars Plana Vitrectomy (PPV)
Surgery / Invasive
Partial Calcanectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Partial or Total Sacrectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Pasteurized Autograft Reimplantation
Surgery / Invasive
Patellofemoral Arthroplasty
Surgery / Invasive
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome Rehabilitation
Physical / Respiratory Therapy
Patent Ductus Arteriosus Closure
Surgery / Invasive
Patient Education (Condition Specific)
Other Procedure
Pediatric Spica Cast Application
Surgery / Invasive
Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection (PLND)
Surgery / Invasive
Penile Fracture Repair
Surgery / Invasive
Penile Prosthesis Implantation (Inflatable 3-Piece)
Surgery / Invasive
Penile Prosthesis Implantation (Malleable)
Surgery / Invasive
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) - Drug-Eluting Stent
Surgery / Invasive
Percutaneous Dilatational Tracheostomy
Surgery / Invasive
Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG)
Surgery / Invasive
Percutaneous Epididymal Sperm Aspiration (PESA)
Surgery / Invasive
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) - Standard
Surgery / Invasive
Percutaneous Nephrostomy Tube Placement
Surgery / Invasive
Percutaneous Nephrostomy Tube Placement (Allograft)
Surgery / Invasive
Percutaneous Transluminal Septal Myocardial Ablation (PTSMA)
Surgery / Invasive
Peri-acetabular Osteotomy (PAO) (Ganz Osteotomy)
Surgery / Invasive
Periacetabular Tumor Reconstruction (Harrington Procedure)
Surgery / Invasive
Pericardial Window
Other Procedure
Pericardiectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Pericardiocentesis
Other Procedure
Pericardiocentesis - Ultrasound Guided
Other Procedure
Peripheral Nerve Repair
Surgery / Invasive
Peritoneal Equilibration Test (PET)
Diagnostic Intervention
Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy (POEM)
Surgery / Invasive
Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy (POEM) - Classic
Surgery / Invasive
Peyronie's Plaque Incision and Grafting
Surgery / Invasive
Peyronie's Plication (Nesbit Procedure)
Surgery / Invasive
Phacoemulsification with IOL Implantation
Surgery / Invasive
Phalloplasty: Anterolateral Thigh (ALT)
Surgery / Invasive
Phalloplasty: Radial Forearm Free Flap
Surgery / Invasive
Pharyngeal Flap
Surgery / Invasive
Photoselective Vaporization of Prostate (GreenLight PVP)
Surgery / Invasive
Phototherapy (Bili Lights)
Physical / Respiratory Therapy
Pigtail Catheter Insertion
Surgery / Invasive
Plantar Fascia Injection (Corticosteroid)
Injection / Infusion
Plantar Fascia Injection (Steroid)
Injection / Infusion
Plantar Fascia Release (Open/Endoscopic)
Surgery / Invasive
Plaque Excision (Directional Atherectomy)
Other Procedure
Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Injection
Injection / Infusion
Platysmaplasty (Corset)
Surgery / Invasive
Pleurectomy / Decortication
Surgery / Invasive
Pneumonectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS)
Diagnostic Intervention
Polydactyly Excision
Surgery / Invasive
Polysomnography (Diagnostic Sleep Study)
Diagnostic Intervention
Polysomnography (Sleep Study)
Diagnostic Intervention
Post-Fracture Rehabilitation (Upper/Lower Limb)
Physical / Respiratory Therapy
Post-Op ACL Reconstruction Rehabilitation Protocol
Physical / Respiratory Therapy
Post-Op ACL Rehab Protocol
Physical / Respiratory Therapy
Posterior Cervical Fusion (PCF)
Surgery / Invasive
Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion (PLIF)
Surgery / Invasive
Posterior Spinal Fusion (Thoracic/Lumbar - multi-level)
Surgery / Invasive
Posterior Tibial Tendon Reconstruction (Flatfoot)
Surgery / Invasive
Pre-operative Embolization of Bone Tumor
Surgery / Invasive
Primary Obesity Surgery Endoluminal (POSE 2.0)
Surgery / Invasive
Propeller Flap
Surgery / Invasive
Prophylactic Intramedullary Nailing (Femur)
Surgery / Invasive
Prophylactic Intramedullary Nailing (Humerus)
Surgery / Invasive
Proximal Fibulectomy (Tumor Resection)
Surgery / Invasive
Proximal Tibial Osteotomy for Genu Varum (Bow-Leg)
Surgery / Invasive
Pterygium Excision with Conjunctival Autograft
Surgery / Invasive
Pulmonary Thromboendarterectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Pulmonary Valve Replacement
Surgery / Invasive
Punctal Plug Insertion
Surgery / Invasive
Pyloromyotomy
Surgery / Invasive
Quantitative Sensory Testing (QST)
Diagnostic Intervention
RVAD Implantation
Surgery / Invasive
Radical Cystectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Radical Inguinal Orchiectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Radical Nephrectomy (Laparoscopic/Open)
Surgery / Invasive
Radical Nephroureterectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Radical Prostatectomy (Robot-Assisted/Laparoscopic)
Surgery / Invasive
Radical Resection of Bone Tumor (Limb Salvage)
Surgery / Invasive
Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) of Osteoid Osteoma
Surgery / Invasive
Ray Amputation (Hand)
Surgery / Invasive
Reduction Mammaplasty
Surgery / Invasive
Reduction of Radial Head Subluxation (Nursemaid's Elbow)
Other Procedure
Referral for Prosthetics/Orthotics
Other Procedure
Referral to Neurology
Other Procedure
Referral to Pain Management
Other Procedure
Referral to Podiatry
Other Procedure
Referral to Rheumatology
Other Procedure
Removable Walking Boot (CAM Walker) Fitting
Other Procedure
Removal of Superficial Hardware
Surgery / Invasive
Renal Denervation
Other Procedure
Renal Sympathetic Denervation
Surgery / Invasive
Replantation of Digit
Surgery / Invasive
Responsive Neurostimulation (RNS)
Surgery / Invasive
Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery (RIRS)
Surgery / Invasive
Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection (RPLND)
Surgery / Invasive
Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty
Surgery / Invasive
Reverse Sural Artery Flap
Surgery / Invasive
Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty (rTSA)
Surgery / Invasive
Rezum Water Vapor Therapy
Surgery / Invasive
Rhinoplasty (Open/Closed)
Surgery / Invasive
Rhytidectomy (Facelift)
Surgery / Invasive
Right Heart Catheterization
Diagnostic Intervention
Right Hemicolectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Right Hepatectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Rigid Bronchoscopy
Surgery / Invasive
Robotic CABG (TECAB)
Surgery / Invasive
Robotic Partial Nephrectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Root Canal Therapy (Endodontic Treatment)
Surgery / Invasive
Rotational Atherectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Rotationplasty (Van Nes Procedure)
Surgery / Invasive
Rotator Cuff Repair (Arthroscopic)
Surgery / Invasive
Rotator Cuff Repair Rehabilitation Protocol
Physical / Respiratory Therapy
SVT Ablation
Surgery / Invasive
Sacral Neuromodulation (InterStim) Implant
Surgery / Invasive
Sacroiliac (SI) Joint Fusion
Surgery / Invasive
Sacroiliac (SI) Joint Injection (Corticosteroid)
Injection / Infusion
Salter Innominate Osteotomy (DDH)
Surgery / Invasive
Scaling and Root Planing (SRP)
Surgery / Invasive
Scapholunate Ligament Reconstruction
Surgery / Invasive
Scapular Tip Free Flap
Surgery / Invasive
Scar Revision (Dermabrasion)
Surgery / Invasive
Scoliosis Correction (Posterior Spinal Fusion)
Surgery / Invasive
Scoliosis Spinal Fusion
Surgery / Invasive
Selective Dorsal Rhizotomy (SDR)
Surgery / Invasive
Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty (SLT)
Surgery / Invasive
Septal Myectomy (HOCM)
Surgery / Invasive
Short Arm Cast Application
Other Procedure
Short Arm Cast Application (Fiberglass/Plaster)
Other Procedure
Short Leg Cast Application
Other Procedure
Short Leg Cast Application (Fiberglass/Plaster)
Other Procedure
Shoulder Arthroplasty (Total)
Surgery / Invasive
Shoulder Arthroscopy & Rotator Cuff Repair
Surgery / Invasive
Shoulder Arthroscopy (Diagnostic)
Surgery / Invasive
Shoulder Arthroscopy (Diagnostic/Debridement)
Surgery / Invasive
Shoulder Impingement Rehab Protocol
Physical / Respiratory Therapy
Shoulder Impingement Syndrome Rehabilitation
Physical / Respiratory Therapy
Signal-Averaged ECG
Diagnostic Intervention
Signal-Averaged ECG (SAECG)
Diagnostic Intervention
Single-Balloon Enteroscopy (SBE)
Diagnostic Intervention
Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT)
Diagnostic Intervention
Skin Biopsy for Nerve Fiber Density
Surgery / Invasive
Skin Expander Placement (Craniofacial)
Surgery / Invasive
Smoking Cessation Counseling
Other Procedure
Soft Tissue Mass Biopsy
Other Procedure
Soft Tissue Mass Biopsy (Core Needle, US-Guided)
Diagnostic Intervention
Soft Tissue Sarcoma Excision
Surgery / Invasive
Spacer Placement (Infected Arthroplasty)
Surgery / Invasive
Spermatocelectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Sphincter Pharyngoplasty
Surgery / Invasive
Spica Cast Application (Hip/Thumb)
Other Procedure
Spinal Cord Stimulator (SCS) Trial
Surgery / Invasive
Spinal Cord Stimulator Implantation
Surgery / Invasive
Spinal Decompression and Stabilization (Posterior)
Surgery / Invasive
Spinal Deformity Correction (Adult)
Surgery / Invasive
Spinal Fusion for Scoliosis (Pediatric)
Surgery / Invasive
Spinal Tumor Excision
Surgery / Invasive
Spinal Tumor Excision (Laminectomy/Corpectomy)
Surgery / Invasive
Spiral Enteroscopy (SE)
Diagnostic Intervention
Spirometry (Pre and Post Bronchodilator)
Diagnostic Intervention
Splint Application (Sugar Tong/Coaptation/Back Slab)
Other Procedure
Split-Thickness Skin Graft (STSG)
Surgery / Invasive
Staple Removal
Other Procedure
Stereotactic Radiosurgery (Gamma Knife)
Surgery / Invasive
Sternal Wound Reconstruction
Surgery / Invasive
Strabismus Surgery (Recession/Resection)
Surgery / Invasive
Stress ECG (Treadmill)
Diagnostic Intervention
Stress Echo (Dobutamine)
Diagnostic Intervention
Stress Echo (Exercise)
Diagnostic Intervention
Subacromial Bursa Injection (Corticosteroid)
Injection / Infusion
Subcutaneous ICD (S-ICD)
Surgery / Invasive
Subcutaneous ICD (S-ICD) Implantation
Surgery / Invasive
Subtalar Arthrodesis (Fusion)
Surgery / Invasive
Suction-Assisted Lipectomy (Liposuction)
Surgery / Invasive
Sugar Tong Splint Application
Other Procedure
Superior Gluteal Artery Perforator (SGAP) Flap
Surgery / Invasive
Supramicrosurgical Anastomosis
Surgery / Invasive
Suprapubic Catheter Insertion
Surgery / Invasive
Sural Nerve Graft
Surgery / Invasive
Sural Nerve Graft Harvest
Surgery / Invasive
Surgical Correction of Mallet Finger
Surgery / Invasive
Surgical Extraction of Impacted Wisdom Tooth
Surgery / Invasive
Surgical Tracheostomy
Surgery / Invasive
Suture Removal
Other Procedure
Suture-Mediated Vascular Closure
Other Procedure
Sweat Test Administration
Diagnostic Intervention
Syme Amputation (Ankle Disarticulation)
Surgery / Invasive
Syndactyly Release
Surgery / Invasive
TAVR (Transcatheter Aortic Valve)
Surgery / Invasive
TEVAR (Thoracic Endovascular Repair)
Surgery / Invasive
TIF with Hiatal Hernia Repair (cTIF)
Surgery / Invasive
TMJ Arthrocentesis / Arthroscopy
Surgery / Invasive
TMVR (Transcatheter Mitral Valve)
Surgery / Invasive
TRAM Flap
Surgery / Invasive
TRUS-Guided Prostate Biopsy
Diagnostic Intervention
TandemHeart Insertion
Other Procedure
Targeted Muscle Reinnervation (TMR)
Surgery / Invasive
Tarsal Tunnel Release
Surgery / Invasive
Tendon Transfer
Surgery / Invasive
Tendon Transfer (Hand/Wrist)
Surgery / Invasive
Tendon Transfer (e.g., Foot Drop)
Surgery / Invasive
Testicular Prosthesis Insertion
Surgery / Invasive
Testicular Sperm Aspiration (TESA)
Surgery / Invasive
Testicular Sperm Extraction (micro-TESE)
Surgery / Invasive
Therapeutic Hypothermia
Other Procedure
Therapeutic Hypothermia (Targeted Temperature Management)
Other Procedure
Thighplasty (Thigh Lift)
Surgery / Invasive
Thoracentesis
Other Procedure
Thoracentesis (Diagnostic/Therapeutic)
Surgery / Invasive
Thoracoabdominal Aneurysm Repair
Surgery / Invasive
Thoracoabdominal Aneurysm Repair (Crawford)
Surgery / Invasive
Thoracoacromial Artery Perforator Flap
Surgery / Invasive
Thrombectomy (Aspiration)
Other Procedure
Thulium Laser Enucleation of Prostate (ThuLEP)
Surgery / Invasive
Tibial Osteotomy for Genu Varum (Bow-Leg)
Surgery / Invasive
Tikhoff-Linberg Procedure
Surgery / Invasive
Tilt Table Test
Diagnostic Intervention
Tissue Expander Exchange to Permanent Implant
Surgery / Invasive
Tissue Expander Insertion
Surgery / Invasive
Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy (T&A)
Surgery / Invasive
Torticollis Release (Sternocleidomastoid Myotomy)
Surgery / Invasive
Total Abdominal Hysterectomy (TAH)
Surgery / Invasive
Total Ankle Arthroplasty (TAA)
Surgery / Invasive
Total Artificial Heart (SynCardia)
Surgery / Invasive
Total Artificial Heart (TAH)
Surgery / Invasive
Total Calcanectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Total Claviculectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Total Elbow Arthroplasty (TEA)
Surgery / Invasive
Total Femur Replacement
Surgery / Invasive
Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA)
Surgery / Invasive
Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) - Primary
Surgery / Invasive
Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) - Revision
Surgery / Invasive
Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA)
Surgery / Invasive
Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) - Primary
Surgery / Invasive
Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) - Revision
Surgery / Invasive
Total Knee Arthroplasty Rehabilitation Protocol
Surgery / Invasive
Total Knee Replacement Rehab Protocol
Physical / Respiratory Therapy
Total Scapulectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Total Shoulder Arthroplasty (TSA)
Surgery / Invasive
Total Talectomy (Astragalectomy)
Surgery / Invasive
Totally Endoscopic CABG (TECAB)
Surgery / Invasive
Trabeculectomy
Surgery / Invasive
Tracheal Shave (Chondrolaryngoplasty)
Surgery / Invasive
Transbronchial Lung Biopsy (TBLB)
Surgery / Invasive
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR)
Surgery / Invasive
Transcatheter Caval Valve Implantation (CAVI)
Surgery / Invasive
Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair (MitraClip)
Surgery / Invasive
Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement (TMVR)
Surgery / Invasive
Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Replacement (TPVR)
Surgery / Invasive
Transcatheter Tricuspid Edge-to-Edge Repair (TEER)
Surgery / Invasive
Transcatheter Tricuspid Valve Repair (TriClip)
Surgery / Invasive
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
Other Procedure
Transcutaneous Pacing
Other Procedure
Transfemoral PCI
Surgery / Invasive
Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion (TLIF)
Surgery / Invasive
Transoral Incisionless Fundoplication (TIF 2.0)
Surgery / Invasive
Transoral Incisionless Fundoplication (TIF)
Surgery / Invasive
Transperineal Prostate Biopsy
Diagnostic Intervention
Transradial PCI
Surgery / Invasive
Transurethral Incision of Prostate (TUIP)
Surgery / Invasive
Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor (TURBT)
Surgery / Invasive
Transurethral Resection of Prostate (TURP)
Surgery / Invasive
Transvenous Temporary Pacemaker
Other Procedure
TriClip (Tricuspid Repair)
Surgery / Invasive
Triceps Tendon Repair
Surgery / Invasive
Tricuspid Valve Repair
Surgery / Invasive
Tricuspid Valve Replacement
Surgery / Invasive
Trigger Finger Release
Surgery / Invasive
Trigger Point Injection
Injection / Infusion
Trigger Point Injection (Myofascial Pain)
Injection / Infusion
Triple Arthrodesis (Foot Fusion)
Surgery / Invasive
Triple Valve Surgery
Surgery / Invasive
Trochanteric Bursa Injection (Corticosteroid)
Injection / Infusion
Trochanteric Bursa Injection (Steroid)
Injection / Infusion
Tubal Ligation (Laparoscopic)
Surgery / Invasive
Tube Thoracostomy (Chest Tube Insertion)
Surgery / Invasive
Tumor Endoprosthetic Reconstruction
Surgery / Invasive
Tumor Endoprosthetic Reconstruction (Distal Femur)
Surgery / Invasive
Tumor Endoprosthetic Reconstruction (Proximal Femur)
Surgery / Invasive
Tumor Endoprosthetic Reconstruction (Proximal Humerus)
Surgery / Invasive
Tumor Endoprosthetic Reconstruction (Proximal Tibia)
Surgery / Invasive
Tunneled Pleural Catheter (PleurX) Placement
Surgery / Invasive
Type I Pelvic Resection (Ilium)
Surgery / Invasive
Type II Pelvic Resection (Periacetabular)
Surgery / Invasive
Type III Pelvic Resection (Ischium/Pubis)
Surgery / Invasive
Ulnar Collateral Ligament (UCL) Reconstruction (Tommy John Surgery)
Surgery / Invasive
Ulnar Collateral Ligament (UCL) Reconstruction (Tommy John)
Surgery / Invasive
Ulnar Nerve Transposition (Cubital Tunnel Release)
Surgery / Invasive
Umbilical Hernia Repair with Mesh
Surgery / Invasive
Umbilical Vein Catheterization (UVC)
Surgery / Invasive
Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty (UKA)
Surgery / Invasive
Ureteroscopy (URS) with Laser Lithotripsy
Surgery / Invasive
Urethroplasty (Buccal Mucosal Graft)
Surgery / Invasive
UroLift System Implantation
Surgery / Invasive
Urodynamic Studies (UDS) - Complete
Diagnostic Intervention
Uroflowmetry with Post-Void Residual
Diagnostic Intervention
V-Y Advancement Flap
Surgery / Invasive
VATS (Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery)
Surgery / Invasive
VATS Bullectomy and Pleurodesis
Surgery / Invasive
VATS Lung Biopsy (Wedge Resection)
Surgery / Invasive
VT Ablation
Surgery / Invasive
Vaginal Delivery (Normal Spontaneous - NSVD)
Surgery / Invasive
Vaginoplasty: Penile Inversion
Surgery / Invasive
Vaginoplasty: Robotic Intestinal
Surgery / Invasive
Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS)
Other Procedure
Vagus Nerve Stimulator (VNS) Implantation
Surgery / Invasive
Vascular Repair (Trauma - with Vascular Surgeon)
Surgery / Invasive
Vascular Repair (Trauma)
Surgery / Invasive
Vascularized Free Fibular Flap (Reconstruction)
Surgery / Invasive
Vascularized Lymph Node Transfer (VLNT)
Surgery / Invasive
Vasectomy (No-Scalpel)
Surgery / Invasive
Vasoepididymostomy
Surgery / Invasive
Vein of Marshall Ethanol Ablation
Surgery / Invasive
Veno-Arterial ECMO Weaning and Decannulation
Surgery / Invasive
Ventral/Incisional Hernia Repair (Rives-Stoppa)
Surgery / Invasive
Ventricular Septal Defect Closure
Surgery / Invasive
Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) Shunt Placement
Surgery / Invasive
Vertebral Body Tethering (Scoliosis)
Surgery / Invasive
Vertebroplasty
Surgery / Invasive
Vesicovaginal Fistula Repair
Surgery / Invasive
Viscosupplementation Injection - Knee (Hyaluronic Acid)
Injection / Infusion
Weight Management Counseling
Other Procedure
Wide Local Excision of Soft Tissue Sarcoma
Surgery / Invasive
Wrist Arthrodesis (Fusion)
Surgery / Invasive
YAG Laser Capsulotomy
Surgery / Invasive
Z-Plasty Scar Revision
Surgery / Invasive
Zenker's Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy (Z-POEM)
Surgery / Invasive
ankle osteoarthritis
Other Procedure
Supportive Devices / Braces
Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitor
General Medical Gear
Angioplasty Balloon Catheter
General Medical Gear
Cardiac Monitor
General Medical Gear
Central Venous Catheter
General Medical Gear
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) System
General Medical Gear
Dialysis Machine (for advanced stages)
General Medical Gear
Dialysis Machine (for end-stage renal disease)
General Medical Gear
Dialysis Solution Bags
General Medical Gear
Dialysis catheter
General Medical Gear
Doppler Ultrasound Device
General Medical Gear
Foley catheter
General Medical Gear
Guidewire
General Medical Gear
Hearing aids (if hearing loss)
General Medical Gear
Hemodialysis Access (e.g., AV Fistula, AV Graft, Central Venous Catheter)
General Medical Gear
IV Pole
General Medical Gear
Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD)
General Medical Gear
Implantable port for dialysis access
General Medical Gear
Intra-abdominal pressure monitoring catheter
General Medical Gear
Intravenous Catheter
General Medical Gear
Intravenous Fluid Infusion Pump
General Medical Gear
Intravenous Fluid Infusion Set
General Medical Gear
Kidney transplant equipment
General Medical Gear
Mechanical Ventilator
General Medical Gear
Nephrostomy tube
General Medical Gear
Pericardial drain
General Medical Gear
Peripherally inserted central catheter
General Medical Gear
Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter
General Medical Gear
Peritoneal dialysis cycler
General Medical Gear
Pleural Catheter
General Medical Gear
Pulse Oximeter
General Medical Gear
Sphygmomanometer
General Medical Gear
Swan-Ganz Catheter
General Medical Gear
Urine Catheter
General Medical Gear
Vascular access catheter
General Medical Gear
Ventilator (if respiratory compromise)
General Medical Gear
pH meter
General Medical Gear