Menu
Medical Condition
Pediatrics & Neonatology
Pediatrics & Neonatology ICD-10: J80_2

Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (PARDS)

Acute diffuse, inflammatory lung injury leading to increased pulmonary vascular permeability and loss of aerated lung tissue.

Consult a Specialist
Medical Disclaimer
This condition guide is intended for educational and informational purposes only. It does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider regarding any symptoms or medical conditions.

Clinical Assessment & Protocol

Typical Presentation (HPI)

EN: Progressive hypoxemia and respiratory distress despite oxygen therapy. AR: نقص تأكسج متفاقم وضيق تنفسي رغم العلاج بالأكسجين.

General Examination

EN: Tachypnea, retractions, and diffuse bilateral crackles. AR: تسرع التنفس، تراجع الصدر، وخراخر ثنائية الجانب منتشرة.

Treatment Protocol

EN: Mechanical ventilation with lung-protective strategies and fluid management. AR: التهوية الميكانيكية باستراتيجيات حماية الرئة وإدارة السوائل.

Patient Education

EN: Critical nature of the illness and the complexity of ICU care. AR: طبيعة المرض الحرجة وتعقيد الرعاية في العناية المركزة.

Systemic & Specialized Examinations

Cardiovascular

EN: S1, S2 present. No murmurs. AR: صوتا القلب الأول والثاني طبيعيان. لا توجد نفخات.

Respiratory

EN: Lungs clear to auscultation. AR: الرئتان صافيتان عند التسمع.

Gastrointestinal

EN: Abdomen soft, non-tender. AR: البطن لين ولا يوجد ألم.

Neurological

EN: Alert, oriented x3. No focal deficits. AR: المريض واعي ومدرك. لا يوجد عجز عصبي بؤري.

Dermatological

EN: Unremarkable or not routinely indicated. AR: طبيعي أو غير مطلوب روتينياً.

Psychiatric

EN: Unremarkable or not routinely indicated. AR: طبيعي أو غير مطلوب روتينياً.

OB/GYN

EN: Unremarkable or not routinely indicated. AR: طبيعي أو غير مطلوب روتينياً.

Ophthalmic

EN: Unremarkable or not routinely indicated. AR: طبيعي أو غير مطلوب روتينياً.

Dental

EN: Unremarkable or not routinely indicated. AR: طبيعي أو غير مطلوب روتينياً.

Orthopedic & Trauma Assessments

Range of Motion

EN: Unremarkable or not routinely indicated. AR: طبيعي أو غير مطلوب روتينياً.

Local Examination

EN: Unremarkable or not routinely indicated. AR: طبيعي أو غير مطلوب روتينياً.

Comprehensive Clinical Guide: Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (PARDS)

Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (PARDS) represents one of the most critical and complex clinical challenges in pediatric intensive care medicine. Unlike adult ARDS, which is defined by relatively static physiological parameters, PARDS is characterized by unique developmental physiology, distinct etiologies, and specific age-related prognostic factors. This guide serves as an authoritative reference for clinicians, intensivists, and medical professionals managing this life-threatening condition.

1. Clinical Definition and Overview

PARDS is defined as an acute, diffuse, inflammatory lung injury leading to increased pulmonary vascular permeability, increased lung weight, and loss of aerated lung tissue. The current gold standard for diagnosis is the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference (PALICC) criteria.

Unlike the adult Berlin definition, which relies heavily on the PaO2/FiO2 (P/F) ratio, the PALICC criteria incorporate the Oxygenation Index (OI) and Oxygen Saturation Index (OSI) to better account for the variability in pediatric mechanical ventilation strategies.

PALICC Diagnostic Criteria

  • Timing: Onset within 7 days of a known clinical insult or new/worsening respiratory symptoms.
  • Imaging: Chest radiograph or CT scan demonstrating bilateral opacities consistent with acute pulmonary parenchymal disease, not fully explained by cardiac failure or fluid overload.
  • Oxygenation:
    • Invasive Ventilation: OI ≥ 4 or OSI ≥ 5.
    • Non-Invasive Ventilation/CPAP/BiPAP: PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 300 or SpO2/FiO2 ≤ 264.

2. Pathophysiology and Mechanism of Injury

The development of PARDS involves a complex cascade of cellular and molecular events triggered by either direct pulmonary insult or systemic inflammatory response.

The Three Stages of PARDS

  1. Exudative Phase (Days 1–7): Characterized by damage to the alveolar-capillary barrier. Neutrophils infiltrate the alveolar space, releasing cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha), proteases, and reactive oxygen species. This leads to protein-rich edema flooding the alveoli and inactivation of pulmonary surfactant.
  2. Proliferative Phase (Days 7–14): The lung attempts to repair itself. Type II pneumocytes proliferate to replace damaged Type I cells. If the injury is severe, this phase may transition into early fibrosis.
  3. Fibrotic Phase (Days 14+): In some patients, the inflammatory process leads to extensive collagen deposition, resulting in permanent structural lung damage, decreased compliance, and increased dead space.

Key Physiological Drivers

  • V/Q Mismatch: Shunting of blood through non-aerated alveoli results in profound hypoxemia.
  • Decreased Compliance: "Stiff lungs" caused by surfactant depletion and alveolar collapse.
  • Pulmonary Hypertension: Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and microthrombi formation increase right ventricular afterload.

3. Etiology: Direct vs. Indirect Lung Injury

Understanding the trigger is vital for targeted management.

Category Causes
Direct Lung Injury Viral pneumonia (RSV, Influenza, SARS-CoV-2), bacterial pneumonia, aspiration, drowning, inhalation injury.
Indirect Lung Injury Sepsis (non-pulmonary), severe trauma, massive blood transfusion (TRALI), pancreatitis, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).

4. Clinical Staging and Grading

The severity of PARDS is graded based on the degree of oxygenation impairment. This grading system is essential for guiding the escalation of therapy, including the initiation of rescue maneuvers.

PARDS Severity Grading (PALICC)

Severity Oxygenation Index (OI) Oxygen Saturation Index (OSI)
Mild 4 to < 8 5 to < 7.5
Moderate 8 to < 16 7.5 to < 12.3
Severe ≥ 16 ≥ 12.3

Note: For patients on non-invasive ventilation, the P/F ratio or S/F ratio is used to categorize severity.

5. Standard Presentation and Differential Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation

  • Early Signs: Tachypnea, increased work of breathing (retractions, nasal flaring), tachycardia, and hypoxemia refractory to supplemental oxygen.
  • Late Signs: Cyanosis, altered mental status (due to hypercapnia/hypoxia), and signs of multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS).

Differential Diagnosis (Must be excluded)

  • Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema: Differentiated by echocardiography (assessing left ventricular function).
  • Chronic Lung Disease: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) exacerbations.
  • Interstitial Lung Disease: Often presents with more chronic, indolent symptoms.
  • Pulmonary Hemorrhage: Often presents with rapid drop in hemoglobin and hemoptysis.

6. Key Diagnostic Tests

  1. Arterial Blood Gas (ABG): Essential for calculating the PaO2/FiO2 ratio and OI.
  2. Chest Radiography (CXR): Bedside imaging to assess the extent of opacities.
  3. Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS): Highly effective in pediatric settings to identify B-lines, consolidations, and pleural effusions.
  4. Echocardiography: Mandatory to rule out congenital heart disease or primary cardiac dysfunction.
  5. Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL): Indicated only if the etiology is unclear or if there is suspicion of opportunistic infection in immunocompromised hosts.

7. Management Strategies: From Ventilation to Rescue

The cornerstone of PARDS management is lung-protective ventilation (LPV).

  • Tidal Volume: Target 5–8 mL/kg of predicted body weight.
  • PEEP: Titrated to maintain alveolar recruitment without overdistension.
  • Permissive Hypercapnia: Allowing higher PaCO2 levels (pH > 7.20) to avoid barotrauma from high respiratory rates.
  • Rescue Therapies:
    • Prone Positioning: Improves V/Q matching and reduces dorsal lung atelectasis.
    • Neuromuscular Blockade: Reduces patient-ventilator asynchrony and oxygen consumption.
    • Inhaled Nitric Oxide (iNO): Used for refractory hypoxemia and pulmonary hypertension.
    • ECMO (Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation): The final rescue therapy for refractory respiratory failure.

8. Risks, Side Effects, and Contraindications

Managing PARDS involves a narrow therapeutic index where aggressive life-saving measures can introduce iatrogenic harm.

  • Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury (VILI): High pressures (barotrauma) and excessive volumes (volutrauma) exacerbate lung injury.
  • Hemodynamic Instability: High PEEP can decrease venous return, reducing cardiac output.
  • Neuro-developmental Risks: Prolonged sedation and neuromuscular blockade can lead to muscle atrophy and potential long-term cognitive impairment.
  • Contraindications for Rescue: ECMO is generally contraindicated in patients with severe irreversible neurological injury or non-recoverable multi-organ failure.

9. Long-term Prognosis and Post-PARDS Syndrome

Survival rates for PARDS have improved significantly, currently hovering between 80–90% in high-resource settings. However, survivors often face "Post-PARDS Syndrome," which includes:
* Reduced exercise tolerance.
* Persistent pulmonary function abnormalities (obstructive or restrictive patterns).
* Psychological impact (PTSD, anxiety in both child and caregivers).
* Growth retardation in infants.

10. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: How does PARDS differ from adult ARDS?
A: PARDS has different etiologies (more viral/sepsis-driven), different ventilator management strategies (age-based), and different mortality predictors compared to the adult Berlin definition.

Q2: Is fluid management important in PARDS?
A: Yes. Conservative fluid management is recommended to avoid excessive pulmonary edema, provided the patient remains hemodynamically stable.

Q3: When should I consider prone positioning?
A: Prone positioning should be considered early in moderate-to-severe PARDS to improve oxygenation and homogenize pleural pressure.

Q4: Does every PARDS patient require an arterial line?
A: While not mandatory, it is highly recommended for continuous blood pressure monitoring and frequent ABG sampling in severe cases.

Q5: What is the role of steroids in PARDS?
A: The routine use of corticosteroids is controversial. They may be considered in the fibroproliferative phase or for specific underlying conditions like asthma/pneumonitis, but are not standard for all.

Q6: Can POCUS replace a Chest X-ray?
A: POCUS is a powerful adjunct and superior for detecting pleural effusions and small consolidations, but CXR remains the standard for assessing the overall distribution of opacities.

Q7: What is the Oxygen Saturation Index (OSI)?
A: OSI is a non-invasive surrogate for the Oxygenation Index (OI) that uses SpO2 instead of PaO2, allowing for monitoring without arterial sticks.

Q8: Why is permissive hypercapnia used?
A: It prevents the need for high tidal volumes or high respiratory rates, which are known to cause VILI.

Q9: What is the most common cause of death in PARDS?
A: While refractory hypoxemia is a cause, death is most frequently associated with multi-organ failure and the underlying disease process (e.g., overwhelming sepsis).

Q10: Are there long-term lung issues for survivors?
A: Yes, some survivors may have persistent airway reactivity or reduced lung compliance, requiring long-term follow-up with pulmonology.

11. Conclusion

Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome remains a formidable diagnosis requiring a multidisciplinary approach. By adhering to the PALICC diagnostic framework, utilizing lung-protective ventilation, and judiciously applying rescue therapies, clinicians can optimize outcomes. Future research into biomarkers and personalized ventilation strategies promises to further refine the management of this vulnerable patient population.

Disclaimer: This guide is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always defer to local institutional protocols and current peer-reviewed clinical guidelines when managing critically ill patients.

Treatment & Management Options

Medical Procedures / Surgeries

24-hour urinary electrolyte collection
Other Procedure
24-hour urine calcium and creatinine collection
Other Procedure
24-hour urine collection for cystine
Other Procedure
Cranial imaging (MRI/CT)
Other Procedure
Developmental assessment
Other Procedure
Fluid resuscitation
Other Procedure
Genetic testing for CASR gene mutations
Other Procedure
Genetic testing for GLA gene mutations
Other Procedure
Genetic testing for WNK1, WNK4, KLHL3, or CUL3 mutations
Other Procedure
Nutritional Support (TPN/Enteral)
Other Procedure
Ophthalmological examination
Other Procedure
Oxygen Administration
Other Procedure
Plasma globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) level measurement
Other Procedure
Renal function testing
Other Procedure
Serum calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH) level measurement
Other Procedure
Serum electrolyte monitoring
Other Procedure
Serum magnesium level measurement
Other Procedure
Serum phosphate level measurement
Other Procedure

Supportive Devices / Braces

Hearing aids (if hearing loss)
General Medical Gear
Mechanical Ventilator
General Medical Gear
Orthotic devices (for skeletal abnormalities)
General Medical Gear
Oxygen Concentrator
General Medical Gear
Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter
General Medical Gear
Urine collection container
General Medical Gear
Ventilator (if respiratory compromise)
General Medical Gear
Wound VAC (Vacuum-assisted closure)
General Medical Gear
24-hour urine collection container
Surgical Support / Microscopes
24-hour urine collection container (2-4 liter capacity)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
24-hour urine collection container (large volume, often with preservative)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
24-hour urine collection container (large, graduated, often dark, with lid)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
ABG Analyzer (blood gas machine)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Adhesive bandages
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Adhesive bandages/sterile gauze and tape
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Age-appropriate play materials (for observation)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Alcohol prep pads
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Alcohol swab (for skin antisepsis)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Alcohol swabs
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Alcohol swabs/Antiseptic wipes
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Anesthesia Machine
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Angiography System (C-arm fluoroscopy)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Angiography System (Fluoroscopy)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Angiography catheter (e.g., renal-specific shapes)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Angioplasty Balloon
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Angioplasty Balloon Catheters
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Antiseptic skin preparation (e.g., chlorhexidine, alcohol swabs)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Antiseptic wipes (e.g., alcohol, chlorhexidine)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Arterial Access Sheath
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Syringe (pre-heparinized)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Aspiration Catheters / Stent Retrievers
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Audiometer (for hearing screening)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Automated Contrast Injector
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Automated chemistry analyzer
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Automated contrast injector or manual manifold system
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Automated contrast injector pump
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Automated immunofixation system
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Automated power injector
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Bag-Valve-Mask (BVM) device
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Balloon Catheter
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Bedside Monitor (capable of displaying pressure readings)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Blood collection tube (e.g., Vacutainer)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Blood collection tubes
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Blood collection tubes (e.g., EDTA tubes for DNA)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Blood collection tubes (e.g., EDTA tubes)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Blood collection tubes (e.g., EDTA)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Blood collection tubes (e.g., EDTA, SST)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Blood collection tubes (e.g., citrate, EDTA)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Blood collection tubes (e.g., plain red-top or serum separator tubes, handled at 37°C initially)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Blood collection tubes (e.g., plain, SST, or heparinized)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Blood collection tubes (e.g., serum separator tube)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Blood collection tubes (e.g., serum separator tube, EDTA tube)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Blood collection tubes (e.g., serum separator tubes)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Blood collection tubes (e.g., serum separator, EDTA)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Blood collection tubes (serum separator tubes)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Blood pressure monitor (for clinical context and correlation)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Bloodlines (arterial and venous)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
CRRT Circuit (Hemofilter, Blood Lines)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
CRRT Machine
Surgical Support / Microscopes
CRRT circuit (tubing set)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
CRRT machine/monitor
Surgical Support / Microscopes
CT Scanner (multi-detector CT)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
CT scanner
Surgical Support / Microscopes
CVVHDF Machine/Monitor
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Central Venous Catheter (CVC) or PICC line (for TPN)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Central Venous Catheter (e.g., Port-a-cath, PICC line)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Central Venous Catheter (e.g., dual-lumen hemodialysis catheter)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Central Venous Catheter Kit (e.g., triple lumen, double lumen)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Centrifuge (for sample preparation)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Centrifuge (preferably refrigerated, capable of precise temperature control)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Chest Drainage System (e.g., Pleur-Evac)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Chest Tube (Thoracostomy Tube)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Coronary/Peripheral Stent
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Defibrillator (AED/Manual)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Densitometer (for result interpretation)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Dialyzer (artificial kidney)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Doppler Ultrasound (for vessel mapping)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Dry powder inhaler (DPI)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Dual-lumen central venous catheter (e.g., for dialysis)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Duplex ultrasound machine
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Electrocautery Unit
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Electrode Gel/Paste
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Electrophoresis apparatus (gel tanks, power supply)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Embolectomy Catheter (e.g., Fogarty)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Emergency resuscitation equipment (crash cart)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Endotracheal Tubes (ETTs) of various sizes
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Enteral feeding bags/syringes
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Enteral feeding tube (e.g., nasogastric, gastrostomy, jejunostomy)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Examination table
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Extracorporeal Circuit Tubing (blood lines)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Flexible Bronchoscope (with light source and camera system)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Flowmeter
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Fluoroscopy Machine (C-arm)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Fluoroscopy System (C-arm)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Fluoroscopy/Angiography System (C-arm)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Foley Catheter (e.g., 16-18 Fr)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Gauze or cotton ball
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Gauze pads
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Gauze pads and adhesive bandage
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Gauze pads/adhesive bandages
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Gauze/Cotton Ball
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Gloves
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Gloves (PPE)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Gloves (disposable)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Gloves (non-sterile)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Gloves (personal protective equipment)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Graduated tubes (e.g., Wintrobe tubes or specialized cryocrit tubes for measuring precipitate volume)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Ground Electrode
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Growth measurement equipment (stadiometer, scale, measuring tape)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Guide Wire
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Guidewire (e.g., J-tip, hydrophilic)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Guidewires
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Guidewires and Microcatheters
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Guiding Catheter
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Head immobilization device/coil
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Hematology analyzer
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Hemodialysis Catheter Kit (includes catheter, guidewire, dilators, introducer needle)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Hemodialysis machine (for pre-transplant stabilization)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Hemodialysis machine (or Peritoneal Dialysis cycler)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Hemofilter/Dialyzer
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Hospital bed (for comfort and positioning)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
INR monitoring device (point-of-care)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
IV Access Supplies
Surgical Support / Microscopes
IV access kit (catheter, tubing, saline flush)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
IV access supplies (for medication administration)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
IV administration set (tubing)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
IV administration sets
Surgical Support / Microscopes
IV catheter (e.g., peripheral venous catheter, central venous catheter)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
IV fluid bag (containing diluted antibiotic)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
IV fluid bag (e.g., 1000ml)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
IV fluid bags
Surgical Support / Microscopes
IV infusion pump (for intravenous administration)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
IV tubing with filter (for TPN)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
IV/IO Access Kit (catheters, needles, tubing)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Image display monitor
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Imaging Guidance System (e.g., Fluoroscopy, CT scanner, Ultrasound)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Infusion Pumps (for replacement fluid, dialysate, anticoagulants)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Infusion pump (for TPN or enteral feeding)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Infusion pump (for UFH administration)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Infusion pumps
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Infusion pumps (for fluids, anticoagulants)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Integrated dialysate temperature sensor/monitor
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Intraoperative Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Assay System
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Intravenous (IV) catheter (various gauges)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Intravenous (IV) catheter and tubing
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Intravenous (IV) catheters
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Intravenous catheter (e.g., 18-20 gauge)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Introducer Sheath
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Introducer Sheaths
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Introducer sheath (arterial access)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Labels and markers
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Laboratory analyzer (for creatinine/GFR measurement)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Laboratory automated urine analyzer (for quantitative protein measurement)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Laboratory requisition form
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Laser Generator (e.g., Holmium:YAG laser system)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Local Anesthetic Syringe and Needles
Surgical Support / Microscopes
MRI scanner
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Measuring cup or funnel (for patient use)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Measuring jug/cup
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Measuring jug/cup (for transfer to main container)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Medical alert bracelet/card
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Metered-dose inhaler (MDI)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Micropipettes
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Nebulizer machine
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Nebulizer mask/mouthpiece
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Needle (for arterial puncture)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Needles (various gauges)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Nerve Conduction Study (NCS) Machine / Electromyograph (EMG)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Ophthalmoscope (direct/indirect)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Oral medication dispensers/cups
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Oxygen delivery device (e.g., nasal cannula, face mask, non-rebreather mask)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Oxygen delivery system (e.g., nasal cannula, face mask)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Oxygen source (e.g., cylinder, wall outlet)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Oxygen tubing
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Patient Monitor (ECG, SpO2, NIBP)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Patient Monitoring Equipment
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Patient Monitoring Equipment (ECG, BP, SpO2)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Patient Monitoring System (ECG, BP, SpO2, Capnography)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Patient Physiological Monitor
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Patient examination bed/stretcher
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Patient examination table
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Patient instruction sheet
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Patient instruction sheet (for proper collection technique)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Patient instructions (written and verbal)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Patient monitoring equipment (e.g., pulse oximeter, BP cuff)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Patient monitoring equipment (pulse oximeter, BP cuff)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Patient monitoring system (ECG, BP, SpO2)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Patient thermometer (for core body temperature)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Patient vital signs monitor
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Patient vital signs monitor (BP, HR, SpO2)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter (e.g., Tenckhoff catheter)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Kit (if replacement)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Peritoneal lavage catheter/kit
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Personal Protective Equipment (Chemotherapy-specific gloves, gowns)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Personal protective equipment (e.g., gloves)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Phlebotomy needles
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Phoropter / Trial lens set and frame
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Physiological Monitoring Equipment
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Pressure Monitoring System
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Pressure Transducer System (with connecting tubing)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Radiation Protection Equipment (Lead Aprons)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Monitor
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Refrigerator (for sample storage during collection period)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Refrigerator (for sample storage)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Refrigerator/Cooler (for sample storage)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Refrigerator/Freezer (for cold precipitation at 4°C)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Renal Artery Stent
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Resuscitation equipment (e.g., Ambu bag, intubation tray)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Sharps Container
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Skin Preparation Wipes (e.g., alcohol swabs)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Slit lamp biomicroscope
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Spacer device
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Specimen Containers with Fixative (e.g., Formalin)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Specimen collection tubes/bags
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Specimen container with formalin
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Specimen labeling system
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Specimen labels
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Standardized developmental screening tools/kits (e.g., ASQ, Denver II, Bayley Scales)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Stent (e.g., Drug-eluting stent, bare-metal stent, stent-graft)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Sterile Drapes and Gowns
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Sterile Drapes, Gowns, Gloves, Masks
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Sterile Draping System
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Sterile Dressing Kit
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Sterile Dressings and Tapes
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Sterile Surgical Drapes
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Sterile Transparent Dressing (e.g., Tegaderm)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Sterile drapes
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Sterile drapes and gown
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Sterile drapes/towels
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Sterile dressing kit (gauze, adhesive dressing)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Sterile dressing materials
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Sterile gloves
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Sterile specimen container/tube (for microbiology lab)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Sterile urine collection container
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Sterile urine collection cups
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Stethoscope (for clinical assessment)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Suction apparatus
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Suction apparatus (for oral secretions)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Surface Electrodes (stimulating and recording)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Surgical Drapes and Gowns
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Surgical Gloves
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Surgical Gown
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Surgical Headlight/Loupes
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Surgical Masks
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Surgical Operating Table
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Surgical drains (e.g., Jackson-Pratt)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Surgical light source
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Suture Material (absorbable and non-absorbable)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Suture Material (e.g., 2-0 or 3-0 Silk/Nylon)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Syringe (e.g., 10mL for balloon deflation or local anesthetic)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Syringe (e.g., 50 mL)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Syringe and needle (if local anesthetic used)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Syringe or Vacutainer holder
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Syringes (various sizes)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Syringes and needles
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Syringes and needles (for injectable medications)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Temporary Abdominal Closure (TAC) device / Wound VAC system
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Thermometer
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Three-way Stopcock
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Thrombolysis Catheters (e.g., multi-sidehole infusion catheters)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Tonometer (e.g., Goldmann applanation)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Tourniquet
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Tourniquet (for venous reflux studies)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Transparent semipermeable dressing
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Ultrasound Machine (with sterile probe cover and gel)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Ultrasound gel
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Ultrasound machine (diagnostic imaging system)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Ultrasound machine (with Doppler capabilities)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Ultrasound machine with sterile probe cover
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Ultrasound transducer (curvilinear or phased array abdominal/vascular probe)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Ultrasound transducer (probe)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Ultrasound transducer (vascular probe)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Ureteral Stent (Double J stent)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Urinalysis dipstick (reagent strips)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Urinary catheter (Foley)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Urine collection hat/specimen collection device
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Urine collection hat/urinal/bedpan (for initial voiding)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Vascular Access Catheter (e.g., Dual-lumen CVC)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Vascular Access Sheaths/Introducers
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Vascular access device (e.g., AV fistula, graft, central venous catheter)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Venipuncture needle
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Venipuncture needle (e.g., multi-sample or butterfly)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Venipuncture needle (or butterfly catheter)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Venipuncture needle/system (e.g., vacutainer)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Venipuncture needles
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Ventilator (for respiratory support during and post-op)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Vision screening charts/tools (e.g., Snellen chart, picture charts)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Visual acuity charts (e.g., Snellen, LogMAR)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Vital Signs Monitor
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Waste receptacle (e.g., sharps container, biohazard bag)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Water bath (for maintaining 37°C)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Wound dressing supplies (e.g., sterile gauze, adhesive tape)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
X-ray fluoroscopy system with Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)
Surgical Support / Microscopes
Share this guide: